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• Development of Digital Image-Based Soil Color Assessment Technologies Development of Digital Image-Based Soil Color Assessment Technologies ▲ Senior Researcher Kwak Tae-young, Department of Geotechnical Engineering Research, KICT Prologue Soil color is widely used as a fundamental indicator for classifying and predicting soil properties, as it is known to be influenced by factors such as mineral composition, organic content, moisture content, and ion concentration, among others. Particularly in the field of agriculture, soil color is utilized as a prominent indicator for classifying soils, and suitable farming practices and crop types are determined based on soil color variations. Additionally, in civil engineering, the color of soil samples collected during soil surveying of a site is recorded in the boring log. This practice is based on the understanding that soils with similar colors in adjacent areas are highly likely to have similar geotechnical properties. Color is typically determined through visual observation. The MUNSELL Soil Color Charts shown in Figure 1 were developed to objectively differentiate observed soil colors based on combinations of hue, value, and chroma. However, the method of determining soil color using MUNSELL Soil Color Charts has the following limitations: ① It is susceptible to the subjectivity of the observer, ② the color of soil samples and the standard color chips can vary depending on environmental conditions like lighting, and ③ the standard color chips are discontinuous, making numerical or statistical analysis challenging. Recently, digital image-based soil color assessment technology has been highlighted as a means of overcoming these limitations. Digital image processing involves a series of computer-based processes to analyze digital images, allowing for rapid and objective soil color determination without the need for observer involvement. Furthermore, since soil color is represented as continuous values in digital image-based systems, it offers the advantage of enabling numerical or statistical analysis. Current Status of Development of Digital Image-Based Soil Color Assessment Technologies Current Status of Development of Digital Image-Based Soil Color Assessment Technologies Variations in Soil Color Due to Changes in Lighting Conditions Figure 2 presents digital images of granitic soils in the Anseong area, captured under lighting conditions simulating natural light. Despite capturing consistently prepared soil samples with the same camera settings, the soil color displayed in the images varied significantly based on the lighting's color temperature and illuminance. Color temperature is a measure of the color of light sources expressed in absolute temperature (K). The lower the color temperature, the redder the light source; the higher the color temperature, the bluer the light source. Illuminance is a measure of the intensity of light received on a specific surface. As illuminance increases, the light source becomes brighter. Soil color exhibited a similar trend to changes in color temperature and illuminance of the lighting. The phenomenon of soil color changing with lighting conditions highlights the clear limitations of previous studies that were not applicable in practical field settings. It is believed that the development of a digital image-based soil color analysis method that can consider irregular lighting conditions would further enhance the universality and applicability of research findings in practical field settings. Development of Digital Image Processing-Based Soil Color Analysis Technology A color system is a method of numerically representing colors, expressing a specific color as a point in a color space. There are various ways to define a color space, depending on the color system used. Some common color systems include RGB, HSV, CIEXYZ, CIExyY, CIELAB, and CIELUV (Billmeyer and Saltzman, 1981). In this study, two color systems, RGB and CIELAB, were utilized for soil color analysis. The RGB color system is the method most widely used in electronic devices such as digital cameras, and represents colors using the three primary colors of light: red (R), green (G), and blue (B). The RGB color system has the advantage of being able to reproduce most colors through a simple combination of the three colors. However, it cannot represent all the colors that the human eye can perceive. To overcome this limitation, the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) proposed the CIELAB color system based on the CIEXYZ color system (CIE, 1978). In the CIELAB color system, colors are expressed as a combination of L*, a*, and b*. L* represents the brightness of the color and ranges from 0 (dark) to 100 (bright). Additionally, a* and b* represent color values, and a* represents which side of red (positive number) and green (negative number) it is closer to, while b* indicates which side of yellow (positive number) and blue (negative number) it is closer to. Color System for Digital Image-Based Soil Color Analysis In an attempt to overcome the limitations of previous researches, the Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology (KICT) has developed a digital image processing-based soil color analysis technology that can consider irregular lighting conditions in the field. As shown in Figure 3, a digital image capture studio was established to simulate natural light conditions. Various soil samples, including a single silica-based sand sample and granitic soil collected from four different regions, were photographed under different lighting conditions. Digital image processing was performed on the captured sample images to extract and analyze soil color in various color systems (RGB, CIELAB). In the RGB color system-based soil color analysis, it was observed that as the illuminance of the lighting intensified, the soil color components (R, G, B) also increased. Of the RGB components, green (G), which is known to have the highest correlation with brightness, showed a very high correlation with illuminance. However, red (R) and blue (B) showed relatively lower correlations due to the influence of color temperature. Since soil color represented in the RGB color system is influenced to some extent by both illuminance and color temperature, it was considered challenging to completely exclude (or correct for) the effects of lighting conditions using this system. The analysis of soil color based on the CIELAB color system revealed that L* is influenced only by illuminance, while a* and b* are affected solely by color temperature, and the correlations were high. This is attributed to the fact that L* represents the brightness of the color, while a* and b* are indicators of hue. Based on the analysis of the relationship between L* and illuminance, as well as a* and b* with color temperature within the CIELAB color system, I proposed the following soil color correction equations according to varying lighting conditions. In this context, I and T represent the illuminance and Color temperature received by the soil, respectively. aL and fL denote the slope and intercept of the linear regression equation between the L* value of soil color and Illuminance, while aa and fa represent the slope and intercept of the linear regression equation between the a* value of soil color and color temperature, and ab and fb signify the slope and intercept of the linear regression equation between the b* value of soil color and color temperature. For dry soil, it was confirmed that the slopes (i.e., aL, aa, ab) in Equations (1) to (3) are similar, regardless of the type of sample. Ultimately, the following correction equation was proposed. Through the proposed method, it is possible to correct the soil color of soil samples captured under arbitrary lighting conditions to the desired soil color under specific lighting conditions. More detailed correction procedures are described in Baek et al. (2023). Epilogue The KICT is currently developing a digital image-based soil color analysis technology that can consider irregular lighting conditions in the field. As shown by the results of an analysis of captured images, it appears that the impact of irregular lighting conditions on soil color can be eliminated (or corrected) based on the CIELAB color system. Using the analysis results for dry soil samples, a lighting condition correction equation has been proposed. In addition, currently, analyses are being conducted for soil samples containing water. Once the analysis for water-containing unsaturated soils is completed, it will become possible to acquire soil color quickly and easily from digitally captured soil images in the field, regardless of moisture content, enabling statistical analysis. Department of Geotechnical Engineering Research Date2023-10-11 Hit 484
• Firefly Sensor Developed for the Monitoring of Ground Failures Firefly Sensor Developed for the Monitoring of Ground Failures ▲ Department of Geotechnical Engineering Research, KITC - Smart Sensor and System Developed to Detect Symptoms of Ground and Structural Failure - Field-deployable, Fast, and Accurate Technology that Contributes to Public Safety The Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology (KICT) has developed a smart detection sensor (Firefly Sensor), which can detect signs of ground and structural failure, along with a real-time remote monitoring system. The technology was developed jointly with Disaster Safety Technology Co., Ltd., KICT's first research affiliated company, and EMTAKE Co., Ltd., a Korean venture company. The developed Firefly Sensor can be easily mounted in various high-risk areas where ground failures are a concern, with a spacing of 1 m to 2 m. In addition, it can detect deviations as small as 0.03° in real-time, surpassing the 0.05° threshold of the slope inclinometer criteria set by the Korea Forest Service for slope collapse. When a sign of collapse is detected, an immediate alert is triggered using LED illumination. The LED alert utilizes high-efficiency optical transmission lens technology, enabling managers and workers on site to visually confirm the alert, even at a distance of 100 m during daylight hours. Site conditions can be simultaneously and remotely monitored from the control room in real time, facilitating additional measures such as sharing the risk situation with related institutions. In addition, the sensor offers easy installation, resulting in more than a 50% cost savings compared to the installation and operation expenses of conventional measurement sensors. It offers the advantage of operating for a full year without battery replacement, thanks to its ultra-low power design. Additionally, the sensor is designed to operate reliably in extreme temperatures ranging from -30°C to 80°C, and is considered especially suitable for regions with distinct seasonal variations. The Firefly Sensor is equipped with an algorithm technology that prevents malfunctions by analyzing and assessing risks based on the installation location. This means that it can be utilized in a range of locations that includes construction and civil engineering sites, aging buildings, cultural heritage and fortress structures, steep slopes, areas prone to landslides, tunnel construction, mines and underground structures, bridges, dams, areas where erosion protection is needed, and more. Currently, the Firefly Sensor is being operated in pilot installations that include Jeju Lava Cave, water treatment and sewage plants in Incheon, cut slopes and mountain slopes along national highways, the KINTEX station section of the GTX-A route, construction sites for apartment complexes in Daejeon and Damyang-gun, and LG chemical factories. It has also been incorporated into the design of the extension project for the 2023 Sin Bonding Line. It is expected that its application in national infrastructure construction projects, including in the demolition of buildings, will increase. This achievement would not have been possible without the support of the Ministry of Science and ICT, specifically as part of the KICT's main project (Regional Cooperation Project) entitled "Development of Jeju-type Ground Subsidence Response System for Road Safety Operation (2020-2022)." Department of Geotechnical Engineering Research Date2023-06-27 Hit 530
• Ammonia: From a Forgotten Element in Sewage to a Valuable Resource Ammonia: From a Forgotten Element in Sewage to a Valuable Resource ▲ Department of Environmental Research, KICT - Adsorbent Material Developed for the Selective Recovery of Ammonia from Sewerage - Key Technologies Acquired for the Establishment of a Carbon-Neutral Sewerage Treatment Facility The Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology (KICT) has developed an adsorbent material that selectively removes and utilizes ammonia from sewage, which contains a range of pollutants. The ammonia found in wastewater is a prominent contaminant. If left untreated, it can lead to eutrophication (algal bloom) in rivers and generate foul odors in wastewater treatment plants. It also contributes to soil acidification and is a cause of particulate matter generation, compounding environmental concerns. Currently, nitrogen compounds in sewage undergo a process of conversion to ammonia, followed by nitrification and denitrification in wastewater treatment facilities. However, this treatment process poses challenges, as it requires substantial energy and resources. As of 2019, the electricity consumption in domestic wastewater treatment facilities reached 3,650 GWh. This accounts for only 0.7% of the total electricity supply in Korea (520,499 GWh), and yet approximately 30% of this energy is utilized for the removal of nitrogen compounds such as ammonia from the water. Ammonia is a valuable resource used to produce fertilizers and aqueous urea solutions, and also is utilized in a range of industrial activities. While its production continues to increase, Korea still relies fully on imports for its industrial ammonia. As well, the conventional production method of the energy-intensive Haber-Bosch process under high temperature and pressure further contributes to energy consumption. What if we could recover and reuse ammonia, instead of simply removing it? This approach could dramatically reduce the energy consumption involved in wastewater treatment and ammonia production, ultimately leading to a reduction in carbon emissions. Research on ammonia recovery from sewage is being conducted globally. However, due to the odor issue caused by ammonia leakage during the recovery process and the technical limitations of the developed materials, finding commercially viable technologies has been challenging. To address this, the research team from the KICT’s Department of Environmental Research, led by Dr. Kang Sung-won, has achieved a breakthrough in the development of an ammonia adsorbent material that offers simple production processes and enables mass production. Previously, the selective adsorption of ammonia using Copper hexacyanoferrate (CuHCF), a nano-material, had limitations in terms of its practical applicability in wastewater treatment due to difficulties in recovery. The adsorbent developed by Dr. Kang's research team chemically combines CuHCF with ion exchange resin, featuring particles measuring 1-2 mm, which are suitable for wastewater treatment. In addition, this adsorbent shows remarkable ammonia selectivity even under conditions with a range of coexisting contaminants, surpassing the efficiency of other adsorbents. The adsorbed ammonia can be easily separated from wastewater through a simple regeneration process, enabling the recovery of a highly-concentrated ammonia solution. The developed technology is expected to significantly contribute to achieving carbon neutrality by dramatically reducing the greenhouse gases emitted during the ammonia treatment process. This achievement was developed with the support of the Ministry of Science and ICT, as part of the Research on Next Generation Environmental Technology for Carbon Neutrality project (2021 to 2022). The findings have been published in the February issue of the Chemical Engineering Journal, a leading international journal in the field of environmental engineering. Department of Environmental Research Date2023-06-27 Hit 463
• Smart Envelope Systems With Integrated Smart Envelope Materials and Facilities to Achieve Zero-Energy Buildings Smart Envelope Systems With Integrated Smart Envelope Materials and Facilities to Achieve Zero-Energy Buildings ▲ Postdoctoral Researcher Lee Hyun-hwa, Department of Building Energy Research, KITC Prologue Following the 2019 UN Climate Action Summit, the policy agenda of achieving carbon neutrality by 2050 began to gain prominence. Europe and the United States have set carbon neutrality targets, while China has declared its commitment to achieving carbon neutrality by 2060. In Korea, the government's 2050 Carbon Neutrality Promotion Strategy includes a roadmap for carbon neutrality in the building sector. In 2023, zero-energy building requirements have been expanded to include public buildings larger than 500 m² and public housing projects with more than 30 units. There also is a growing movement to transform aged buildings, which constitute 74% of the total building stock, into zero-energy buildings through initiatives like Green Remodeling. The gradual enforcement of zero-energy building requirements is underway. This movement is a global trend, and the IEA FTS (International Energy Agency's Faster Transition Scenario) predicts a 75% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions through investments in energy-efficient measures in the building sector. This is expected to create a domestic market worth approximately KRW 80 trillion for new construction and remodeling, while the global market for zero-energy buildings is projected to reach approximately USD 1.3 trillion by 2035. The transition of current architectural technologies toward future technologies is hindered by certain limitations. In particular, there are limitations to the extent to which both passive and active single-element technologies can be advanced, and there has been a decline in construction quality due to joint defects caused by sequential on-site construction. Additionally, existing control systems are inadequate when it comes to responding quickly to environmental changes. As a result, there is a growing need for smart envelope systems that can overcome these limitations by incorporating smart envelope materials and facilities. These systems should address issues such as energy efficiency, comfort, and design, while considering energy, safety, and business feasibility through prefabrication and modular construction methods. This article aims to introduce the current status of technological development for smart envelope systems integrating smart envelope materials and facilities, both at home and abroad. Current Status of Technological Development for IUES of Envelope Materials and Facilities in Other Countries One example is the MVHR-μHP testbed case, which was part of the iNSPiRe project conducted in 2015. The project verified the performance of the building envelope, small-scale heat pumps, and ventilation systems. Ultimately, its advantage lies in its minimization of the space utilization of the machine equipment installation location on the interior side by using an assembled prefabricated envelope and installing it as an integral wall, thereby reducing the air path. The MORE-CONNECT project is a test bed and demonstration project that applies a developed converged envelope in several European countries, including Denmark and Estonia. It is a project in which remodeling was performed linking renewable energy on the wall and roof surface corresponding to the envelope. In the Danish demonstration case, the PV (Photovoltaics) panel and the roof-integrated module is utilized in the remodeling demonstration. As a result, it can be confirmed that the renewable energy and the electrical system are organically connected to the outer wall. The Estonian demonstration is a case study in which a prefabricated factory-manufactured wood frame module system, combined with an envelope material that incorporates various facility technologies and a renewable energy system, was used to remodel an apartment housing complex with a concrete structure. During the remodeling process, changes were made to the high-performance insulation envelope, balcony reconstruction, heating system, and ventilation system. In addition, solar power and solar thermal renewable energy sources were utilized. This is an example of continuous monitoring being conducted through the building's monitoring system. Current Status of Technological Development for IUES of Envelope Materials and Facilities in Korea The Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology (KICT) has conducted a research project entitled "Empirical Study on the Development of Smart Cladding and Facility Convergence Technology for Achieving Zero-Energy Buildings and Establishment of a Performance Evaluation System," which was supported by the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP). In this research, the Incremental Unitary Envelope System (IUES), an exterior material and facility convergence module system, was developed. Its performance was validated through testing in a testbed, and it is now being prepared for implementation in a real-world demonstration site. The IUES, while combining the cooling and heating system with the interior materials of the building, aims to maximize energy efficiency by utilizing various energy sources, such as renewable energy, and implementing AI-based integrated control. The KICT has selectively integrated five core technologies and 26 detailed technologies, including exterior material technology, facility technology, optimal operation technology, integrated quality certification system establishment, and life cycle management system development to make up units. After combining these units into a unified exterior module, it successfully completed the design, prototype, and testbed application of the standard model for the Smart Cladding and Facility Convergence Module System. The Smart Cladding and Facility Convergence Module System offers a number of advantages that include improved on-site safety through mitigating the risks associated with factory production, transportation, and easy installation. It ensures construction quality through prefabrication, and enables cost-effectiveness by shortening the construction period. Date2023-06-27 Hit 467
• Development of Visualization Technology for Building Energy Information Based on IndoorGML Development of Visualization Technology for Building Energy Information Based on IndoorGML ▲ Research Fellow Choi Hyun-sang, Department of Future & Smart Construction Research, KICT Prologue In the representation of indoor spaces used in the construction of indoor spatial information, international standards such as IFC (Industrial Foundation Classes), CityGML (City Geographic Markup Language), and IndoorGML (Indoor Geographic Markup Language) can be applied. There are two ways to construct indoor space data using these standards: the first is a direct construction method using authoring programs, which allows for detailed representation but involves a significant amount of time and cost. The second method involves creating data by converting data that are already standard or are used in practice, which is effective in reducing time and cost. Thus, this study aimed at developing a Revit Plug-In based on BIM to extract core indoor spatial information object from sample models, convert them to IndoorGML and integrate them with data visualization technology to develop the supporting technology for the utilization of indoor spatial information. Theoretical Considerations of IndoorGML IndoorGML is a data model for expressing and exchanging indoor spatial information, which was developed by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), an international standardization organization for spatial information. It is a data standard in GML format based on XML (eXtensible Markup Language) schema. IndoorGML was developed to support the requirements for indoor spatial data services, and is defined based on a cell space model. IndoorGML focuses on the expression of the geometric relationships and topology (topological relationships) information of indoor spaces, rather than the detailed representation of indoor objects such as building components or furniture. In IndoorGML, the smallest and most basic spatial unit that constitutes a building is called a cell space, and a building is considered a series of cell spaces. To represent this cell space model in detail, IndoorGML defines the following four items: Cell Geometry Topological Relationship between Cells Meaning of the Cell Multi-Layer Spatial Model Based on the four definitions mentioned above, IndoorGML can ① represent the characteristics of indoor spaces, and ② provide spatial reference information about the topographic features located within indoor spaces. Figure 1 shows the geometry options provided by IndoorGML. It displays three options for geometric representation in IndoorGML, and the meanings of each option are as follows: Option 1 : (External Reference) Instead of explicitly representing geometry in IndoorGML, it can be expressed solely through external links to objects defined in other datasets, such as CityGML. OOption 2 : (IndoorGML Geometry Information) When including geometric representations for cell spaces in IndoorGML, 3D spaces are represented as GM_Solid, and 2D spaces (walls) are represented as GM_Surface according to the definition in ISO 19107. Openings (e.g. doors, windows, etc.) are also included in this case. OOption 3 : (No Geometry) IndoorGML document does not include geometry information for cell spaces (spaces can be represented solely by Nodes). Geometry Rules for IndoorGML Conversion The geometry rules for the key objects that constitute IndoorGML are based on the modeling rules presented in the SIG3D "Modeling Guide for 3D Objects Part 1: Basics (Rules for Validating GML Geometrics in CityGML)" technical document. Among the regulations in the aforementioned technical document, the implementation rules for representative objects that are most closely related to this study are as follows: gml : LinearRing: The geometry composing the objects that make up the building is comprised of a single polygon boundary, i.e. a LinearRing (Rs) (Figure 2). gml: Polygon: A polygon (S) is represented as a set of planar LinearRings (Rs). gml : MultiSurface: The MultiSurface used to visually represent the surface objects (M) that make up a building is represented as a collection of unstructured polygons (S), i.e., M={S1, S2, Sn}. gml: The geometry of a 3D object is defined as a collection of polygons that are composed of multiple surface objects (Multi-Surface), and errors can occur depending on the composition of the polygons. Table 1 shows examples of correct and incorrect cases when constructing indoor objects. Development of IndoorGML Plug-In Based on Revit Software (1) Design of Revit Data Conversion Process Autodesk's Revit software, which is commonly used to create 3D BIM models, provides a range of 3D modeling features that support accurate input in terms of visualization and geometry, as well as tools to input and manage relationships between constituent objects. In this study, the Room Schedule and Door Schedule functions provided by Revit were used as a basis, and the CellSpace (Node) and Transaction (Edge), which are core objects of IndoorGML, were constructed based on the connection information entered between the spaces during building design. However, if Room/Door Schedule is missing in the initial BIM modeling process or is omitted due to worker error, it must be checked and corrected through a pre-validation process. Figure 3 shows the data conversion process applied in this study. (2) How to Use Revit's Room Objects, and Rules for Handling Virtual Spaces To extract CellSpaces in IndoorGML using Room objects created in Revit, it is necessary to first check whether the Room object has been input into the Revit model. Figure 4 shows that if a Room object has been input, it is displayed on the screen with crosslines, and that even irregular spaces can be configured as Room objects. In the design of typical buildings, only spaces composed of actual structures (walls, columns, floor surfaces, ceiling surfaces, etc.) are represented. However, in IndoorGML, an indoor space information, it is necessary to divide virtual indoor spaces for large spaces such as auditoriums or banquet halls, as well as narrow and long corridors with changing directions. For this purpose, preprocessing of virtual spaces is required before converting to IndoorGML, and setting and modifying rules for processing virtual spaces is necessary. In this study, additional functions were developed based on the features provided by Revit for processing virtual spaces. (3) Main Features and Achievements of Revit SW-based IndoorGML Plug-In In the Revit SW, it is common to create Room and Door Schedules during the BIM modeling process. However, there may be cases in which they are omitted due to human error or spatial constraints, so it is necessary to check them in advance and make corrections as needed. Figure 5 shows a feature provided by Revit that allows the user to check Room Tags and missing information. Then, when converting Revit data to IndoorGML data using the "IndoorGML Exporter" menu, a verification process is also carried out to check for any missing information. Once the verification of the Revit data that serves as the source of IndoorGML is complete, the user can selectively convert only the desired floors or the entire building into a single IndoorGML file. Figures 7 and 8 show examples of the conversion of Main Buildings 1 and 2 of the Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology (KICT). (4) Development of IndoorGML-based Building Energy Information Visualization System In this study, we developed a 3D system that can visualize building energy management by assigning representative values for each spatial unit based on measured values by room and location in Main Building 1 of KICT that was investigated through the aforementioned process, as well as values obtained from the survey. Figure 9 shows the process of integrating the results of a user satisfaction survey program for the building, KBOSS, into indoor space units (left), and examples of floor-by-floor visualization (right). Epilogue This study was performed to secure the core technology for integrating and managing detailed energy data for individual building units and occupant satisfaction survey results in a format that is compliant with the international spatial information standards, which is necessary for developing the technology for energy inspections of metropolitan-scale buildings. Through this study, an IndoorGML data authoring tool was developed and applied to store and represent energy-related information investigated for KICT at the minimum space unit (room) level. It is expected that the results can be utilized as a database and operational technology for micro-level building energy inspection information in the future implementation of carbon reduction policies, which are an important part of building energy monitoring and management on a national scale. Department of Future&Smart Construction Research Date2023-02-27 Hit 643
• ISO 19650-based BIM Information Management Framework ISO 19650-based BIM Information Management Framework ▲ Senior Researcher Won Ji-sun, Department of Future & Smart Construction Research, KICT Prologue In this "Digitize or Die" era, digital transformation is recognized as an essential strategy for corporate survival, and is accelerating across all industries. The construction industry is responding to paradigm shifts through the spread of smart construction technologies such as Building Information Modeling (BIM) adoption, construction machine automation, and the activation of Off-Site Construction (OSC). In July of this year, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MOLIT) announced the "S-Construction 2030” plan, which aims to achieve "digitalization and automation of the entire construction process by 2030." It presents three promotional tasks for achieving this goal: digitalization of the construction industry, advancement of the production systems, and promotion of the smart construction industry. Of these, the detailed plan for realizing the digitalization of the construction industry specifies the organization of the BIM system and the phased expansion of projects subject to mandatory BIM application. Other countries, including the UK, Denmark, and Ireland, have also introduced the concept of digitalization into their existing BIM roadmaps and are redesigning them as national digital transformation strategies or digital twin strategies. BIM is now recognized as an essential strategic tool for digital transformation. Upon examination, it is evident that ISO 19650 is being actively adopted. ISO 19650 is a BIM information management framework that standardizes the process and information requirements for BIM information procurement across the life cycle of a construction project, and was established in 2018. This international standard was developed by adding digital information management concepts to the UK’s BIM standards (BS 1192 series), which was previously used as the global standard during the early phases of BIM adoption. The UK, Europe, and Australia have designated the ISO 19650 original text or translation as their national BIM standard, while countries like Singapore, Hong Kong, and Saudi Arabia are revising their national BIM standards to include ISO 19650. Many countries are now mandating ISO 19650 certification as a prerequisite for bidding on public construction projects or offering incentives, and more companies in Korea are obtaining ISO 19650 certification to demonstrate their global-level BIM information management technology and capabilities. There is a growing trend of the active utilization of ISO 19650 as part of a BIM-based digital transformation policy. Moreover, as a company's ISO 19650 certification and compliance capacity has become a measure of competitiveness, it is necessary to consider the introduction of ISO 19650 at the national level in Korea. Thus, we aim to propose strategies and methods for introducing ISO 19650 in Korea. In this study, we adopted an approach that reflects the key concepts of ISO 19650 in accordance with the situation in Korea. Our research involved three steps. First, we investigated the current status of ISO 19650 adoption in other countries, and derived the key components of the BIM information management framework by examining international standard documents. Second, we analyzed the software, platforms, and other support tools that enable ISO 19650 adoption, and selected the main functions that need to be implemented for practical application. Third, based on the key components of ISO 19650 and the main functions of ISO 19650 support tools, we proposed an ISO 19650 utilization model and suggested ways to introduce it in Korea. Stages 2 and 3 can be understood as a process of scanning multiple buildings from an urban/regional perspective based on appropriate indicators (whole-building level identification), while Stages 4 and 5 can be understood as a process of closely examining the scanned buildings in detail from a building component perspective (system level diagnostics). In this study, we would like to introduce the data-centric checkup technique of building energy performance that corresponds to Stages 2 and 3 in this context. Current Status of ISO 19650 Adoption in Other Countries Generally, national BIM roadmaps utilize BIM maturity models to establish phase-specific goals for BIM adoption levels and situations. Many countries have already been utilizing the BIM maturity model defined in the UK BIM roadmap (British Standards Institution B/555), which was announced in 2011, as a global standard. In the BIM maturity model of the UK, Level 0 is set in an environment centered on documents such as 2D drawings and text, Level 1 is set in an environment where 2D drawings and 3D data files are used concurrently, Level 2 is set in a discipline-specific BIM model environment, and Level 3 is set in an integrated web-based BIM environment that centrally manages data through a single model. The UK is actively utilizing ISO 19650 to attain Level 2, and is preparing a digital transformation roadmap for attaining Level 3. Currently, most countries are in the Level 2 adoption or activation phase. Many countries are in the process of adopting ISO 19650, as shown in Table 1. Thus, the adoption of ISO 19650 is recognized as an essential requirement for attaining BIM Level 2. The ISO 19650-1 established in 2018 presents the maturity levels of digital information management in each phase as a concept of "stage." The types of data, such as 2D, 3D, and BIM, covered in the UK BIM maturity model have been changed to concepts such as structured, unstructured, BIM, and server-based BIM, and the concept of Common Data Environment (CDE) has been subdivided into the file- and model-based CDE forms and the big data-based CDE forms. Digital information management maturity for each phase is divided into three information management stages along the horizontal axis, and is composed of four layers (standard, technology, information, industry) that represent the major information management perspectives along the vertical axis. In terms of information management perspectives according to standards, Stage 1 is defined as information management based on existing national standards for handling structured and unstructured data, Stage 2 as information management based on ISO 19650 standards for handling shared BIM models, and Stage 3 as information management based on future standards for handling server-based BIM models and structured/unstructured big data. The current stage is Stage 2, and to achieve the corresponding level, information management based on ISO 19650-1 and 2 is required. Deriving Key Components of BIM Information Management Framework Through Analysis of ISO 19650 To achieve the goals aligned with the BIM maturity level or digital information management maturity level, it is important to specify the national-level BIM standards that must be complied with at each phase. Specifically, there are BIM guidelines, BIM classification systems, contracts related to information procurement and LOD standards, as well as BIM maturity assessment methodologies. The BIM Information Management Framework is a standardized system that supports workflows and data acquisition to generate, utilize, and manage BIM data in an integrated digital construction environment throughout the construction life cycle. BIM standards related to the BIM Information Management Framework include BIM standard classification, building SMART International's IFC, IDM, IFD, and COBie. ISO 19650 covers processes in the digital collaboration system such as subject-specific information requirements, digital model deliverables, workflows, information management plans, CDE, etc. from the perspective of comprehensive use of these open standards. The currently published ISO 19650 series is as follows: ISO 19650-1(2018) : Concepts and Principles for Information Management Using BIM ISO 19650-2(2018) : Information Management Using BIM in the Delivery Stage ISO 19650-3(2020) : Information Management Using BIM in the Operational Stage ISO 19650-4(2022) : Process and Standards for Information Exchange ISO 19650-5(2020) : Security Management During Information Management Using BIM ( 1 ) ISO 19650-1 (2018): Concepts and Principles for Information Management Using BIM ISO 19650-1 contains the concepts and principles of an information management framework for BIM collaboration throughout the construction life cycle. Information management is defined as "the process of supporting the production and management of information over the entire construction asset life cycle." The key components of the BIM information management framework are: ① specification of information requirements, ② planning for information delivery, and ③ delivery of information, which support a collaborative environment to enable the consistent delivery of information that varies by project, stakeholder, and purpose through a coherent process and delivery system. In the project delivery phase and operational phase, an information procurement plan is established based on the information requirements of the participants and contractors. In addition, it has the flow in which deliverables reflecting this, such as PIM (Project Information Models) and AIM (Asset Information Models), are delivered and approved. For effective information management, the setting of responsibilities, authorities, and scope of work is crucial, and pertinent functions should be assigned during the project and asset management period. The responsibility assignment items must be specified in the contract document (e.g., through a Responsibility Matrix) to ensure that a person with “AIM approval competency” is designated for asset management and a person with the information standard, process, and CDE configuration competency of the project is designated for project delivery. ( 2 ) ISO 19650-2 (2018): Information Management Using BIM in the Delivery Stage ISO 19650-2 sets information requirements during the project execution phase, and defines a collaborative environment and process for lead appointed parties and appointed parties to efficiently produce information. The information entities of the project delivery phase are set as the appointing party, lead appointed party, and appointed party. The information management process as well as function and standard requirements for each entity are presented for each project delivery phase. A total of eight information management functions in the project delivery phase are defined, and the detailed information management processes for each entity are specified in each section of Chapter 5 in ISO 19650-2 (5.1 Evaluation and requirements → 5.2 Bid announcement → 5.3 Bidding participation → 5.4 Contracting → 5.5 Resource mobilization → 5.6 Collaborative information production → 5.7 Information model delivery → 5.8 Project completion). In this study, ISO 19650-1 and 2 were analyzed to identify the key components of the framework, including specifications related to information management entities, requirements, processes, deliverables, and roles, and were divided into seven components as shown in Table 2 (1. Information Requirements, 2. Information Delivery, 3. Information Management Entities and Roles, 4. Workflows, 5. Information Procurement Plan, 6. Information Management Level, and 7. CDE). Deriving Key Functions through Analysis of ISO 19650 Practical Application Support Tools To apply the ISO 19650 component concept in practice, it is necessary to identify the actually implemented functions and interfaces. According to a survey of the software, websites, platforms, and other tools that support ISO 19650, it was found that the Plannerly platform from the United States is a representative tool that faithfully incorporates the ISO 19650 concepts. However, there are many tools, like US BEXEL, that only partially support ISO 19650 concepts, such as information delivery and CDE concepts, and open BIM formats such as IFC, BCF, and COBie. ( 1 ) The US: Plannerly Plannerly is a BIM information management platform that provides integrated support for the appointing party (project owner), designing party (AE), lead appointed party (contractor), and the appointed party (subcontractor) to plan, manage, and validate BIM requirements in one place. It is designed to facilitate the easy and efficient use of BIM standards, requirements, processes, and regulations in accordance with ISO 19650, and provides an environment in which all construction stakeholders can collaborate on information and processes without disruption on a single site. Its interface features ISO 19650 templates (OIR, PIR, EIR, AIR, BEP, etc.) based on the UK BIM Framework guidelines and workflows to enable easy and consistent operations. The platform also incorporates the CDE concept to enable the centralized generation, storage, and management of information. It is largely comprised of six modules: Plan, Scope, Contract, Schedule, Track, and Verify. ( 2 ) The US: BEXEL Manager BEXEL Manager is software that supports digital workflows in an open BIM environment according to ISO 19650, and provides a collaborative environment to manage the PIM and AIM information delivery models in a CDE environment. It supports open standard formats such as IFC standards, MVD, BCF, and COBie. Based on an analysis of these two support tools, it was determined that the key factors to consider when introducing them to Korea are whether they support a BIM-based workflow, including BIM contract and requirements management, BIM task performance, BIM data verification, collaboration, information requirements definition, information procurement plan establishment, information management level setting, and open BIM standard formats. The main functions to benchmark are derived in Table 4 based on such analysis results. To create building-level screening indicators, the dataset collected at the building registry level should be matched and integrated (Figure 2, ② Data Preprocessing). However, since publicly collected data is generated for different policy and administrative purposes, there usually is no unique key to link and match the building registry information. Therefore, the location information (latitude and longitude) and address information (street number, dong, ho or suite number) of each data must be processed and linked to match the resolution of the building registry. This task requires string processing technology for non-standardized address and location information, which is quite difficult and requires a substantial budget and time. Approaches to Introduce the ISO 19650-based BIM Information Management Framework to the Republic of Korea The ISO 19650 utilization model is a conceptually defined model that integrates the key components of a digital-based BIM execution workflow and data procurement framework for BIM information management, from a user perspective, to enable unified utilization. The ISO 19650 utilization model was constructed based on the main components of the BIM information management framework derived through the analysis of ISO 19650 and the main functions derived through the analysis of ISO 19650 support tools. The ISO 19650 utilization model consists of six modules, as shown in Figure 4. Module 1 is Standards, which signifies Open BIM standard for exchanging and distributing BIM data and Standards for defining the BIM information management operating system. Module 2 is Requirements, which functions to set information requirements, information management entities and roles, and information procurement plans in project phases such as design and construction and facility operation phases. Module 3 is Workflows, and it is designed to define and manage detailed BIM processes for each project delivery and operational phase. Module 4, Deliverables, defines and manages PIM and AIM data, which are information delivery outputs. Module 5 refers to the CDE environment for collaboration and sharing. Modules 2 and 3 pertain to the process area, while modules 4 and 5 consist of the data area created, shared, and saved according to the process. Modules 2 through 5 need to be operated to achieve a sequential flow. Module 1 is used as a criterion for data creation, and module 6 serves as an interface where the BIM information management entity utilizes modules 1 to 5. The concept of each module can be provided in the form of specifications, such as standards and guidelines, or in the form of platform functions. We propose the following implementation plan and future tasks to apply the ISO 19650 utilization model in practice. First, in order to establish Level 2 of BIM in Korea, it is necessary to customize the major components of ISO 19650 defined in modules 2 through 5 and the open BIM standard defined in module 1 to fit the domestic situation and present it as a national standard. From a regulatory perspective, a strategy is required to gradually expand the mandatory application of ISO 19650 to some public construction companies, and a verification process through pilot projects should be accompanied before making it mandatory. Second, to directly utilize the ISO 19650 utilization model in work, it is necessary to incorporate the workflow of module 3 and develop a BIM project workflow support platform that includes the functions of module 6. For this purpose, it is important to convert document-level specifications into digital specifications and combine clauses and workflow units. In addition, a plan to link ISO 19650's key functions and data with commercial BIM platforms and enterprise ERP systems to operate needs to be prepared to increase the effectiveness of ISO 19650 adoption. Third, with the acceleration of the digital transformation paradigm, proactive future responses are needed, such as revising the BIM roadmap to prepare for the next maturity phase, as well as research on the introduction and stabilization strategy for digital information management maturity Stage 2 and BIM maturity Level 2. Epilogue In the era of digital transformation, the adoption and utilization of ISO 19650 in the global market has become an essential strategy for securing global competitiveness. To proactively respond to these changes domestically, an approach to the adoption of ISO 19650 has been suggested. To implement the core functions that can reflect the main components of ISO 19650 and be applied to practical situations, an ISO 19650 utilization model has been defined, and adoption plans and challenges for implementation in Korea have been proposed. It is anticipated that an adoption plan based on ISO 19650 will be reviewed in devising a national-level BIM information management operation system in the future. Department of Future&Smart Construction Research Date2023-02-27 Hit 1166
• Development of AI-based Smart Housing Platform and Intelligent Convergence Housing Service Technology Development of AI-based Smart Housing Platform and Intelligent Convergence Housing Service Technology ▲ Senior Researcher Ahn Ki-uhn, Department of Building Research, KICT Prologue The demand to improve the quality of life and housing welfare of residents is growing, reflecting changes in the sociodemographic structure. Accordingly, a new type of housing infrastructure is also being established in the construction field to incorporate “smart” technologies into the residential space itself thanks to the spread of Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies such as AI, IoT, and Cloud. Existing smart home services are dependent on manufacturers and construction companies, from which all households and complexes are provided with a common platform and services; residents lack the freedom to select services, and there are restrictions on the introduction of new services. To overcome this problem, a smart housing environment is being built to support the independence of residents in selecting and using services through a platform with openness and scalability, where anyone can develop and register various services. The goal of this article is to introduce the concept and development direction of smart housing platforms and services that support the new housing infrastructure. The Concept of Smart Housing Smart housing is housing that provides an optimized spatial environment and services by linking and converging a physical smart house comprised of the space, environment, home appliances, devices, etc. which make up a house and related technologies, such as big data information technology, IoT smart home technology, and intelligent AI technology (Figure 1). These houses are realized as a new housing infrastructure, where the residential space itself acts a means of collecting information and providing services. Smart Housing Platform Existing smart home services require new physical components, such as devices and networks, to be newly built to use the services provided by providers. On the other hand, in smart housing, it is possible to provide and expand services without physical resource constraints by securing data and utilizing platform functions through the existing infrastructure, such as residential spaces, complexes, and smart cities. In this section, the smart housing platform service functions operating in the Cloud environment are explained by dividing them into IaaS (infrastructure as a service), PaaS (platform as a service), and SaaS (Software as a service) (Figure 2). IaaS, a physical resource to implement smart housing, consists of sensors for collecting data, gateways for sending and receiving data between sensors and platforms, and servers for data storage, AI analysis, and service operation management. In particular, various sensors and IoT devices are embedded in the infill, allowing them to sense the physical elements of the living space. Gateways can be equipped with multi-protocol conversion handling capabilities to accommodate the networking diversity of data sources. At this time, a standard protocol defining the data format and communications standard are prepared to support wide-area service provision and data utilization. The main functions of smart housing PaaS include security, integrated management of storage, multiple access/distributed processing, and the use of an AI analysis engine. First, security features authorization that grants user authentication and authority, encrypted communications between the housing environment and platform, and encryption and decryption of blockchain-based stored data. Data is managed according to the standard format classification system based on the smart housing standard protocol and supports the utilization of real-time and stored data. In addition, it has analysis/service spaces and functions to distribute and handle multi-processes, for load management according to multi-user access and service execution. PaaS integrates and manages AI models that can be used for residential services by data type, such as time series, voice, and video, in an AI bank, and provides an AI analysis engine API function that can be used for service model development and calculation. Finally, the smart housing SaaS operates and manages intelligent residential services such as fire, crime prevention, comfort, convenience, and maintenance on the platform, and has functions to provide them to requesters using the service. Moreover, by utilizing the AI analysis engine function of PaaS, it has a scalability of functions which allows external developers to freely discover and develop services, and register them on the platform to distribute and operate services. Smart Housing Service To implement smart housing, we are developing AI-based convergence services in the four areas of safety, comfort, convenience, and maintenance by analyzing the needs of residents (Table 1), and are preparing to operate platform-based services. In addition, based on the function of the smart housing platform, new services are being discovered and expanded in various residential spaces and fields (Figure 3). Epilogue The Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology (KICT) is conducting research on "AI-based smart housing platform and service technology development" to provide an environment that enables the dissemination, development, and operation of creative and innovative services for high-quality housing environments. Through this research, it is anticipated that the foundation for future-oriented responsive housing welfare will be strengthened, and related industries such as housing services and smart devices will be revitalized by establishing a platform ecosystem in the area of smart housing. Department of Building Research Date2022-12-27 Hit 736
• Trends and Directions of Digital Transformation in the Construction Sector Trends and Directions of Digital Transformation in the Construction Sector ▲ Senior Researcher Kim Jong-hyeob, Department of Construction Policy Research, KICT Prologue With the advent of the Internet and the development of communications technology, the emergence and evolution of the digital transformation have been taking place for a long time. Recently, the Fourth Industrial Revolution and the development of digital technologies (virtual and augmented reality, artificial intelligence, blockchain, mobile technology, big data, Internet of Things, etc.) have been changing the structure of industry, and they are rapidly changing everything, including business processes and business models of companies. In addition, the current government's pledges to support industries stress digital transformation and deregulation as a whole. In such pledges, the digital transformation of all industries is emphasized, and information technologies such as AI, the metaverse, and blockchain are mentioned as catalysts leading digital transformation. On the other hand, the construction industry is evaluated as an industry with very low productivity compared to other industries due to the labor-intensive production system, the disconnection of information between construction project implementation stages (MGI 2017), etc. Considering this, it is necessary to make this an opportunity for the construction industry to achieve innovation that can have a productivity equal to or higher than that of other fields through the systematic promotion of Digital Transformation (DX) and the utilization of Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies. Definition and Current Status of Digital Transformation The dictionary definition of DX can be said to be digital change or digitalization of information, which means a fundamental change and transformation with a higher intensity than the change that has been pursued previously. DX at a high level includes all the profound changes that take place in society and industry through the use of digital technologies. Specifically, it is defined as "bringing about significant changes to and improving the characteristics of entities through a combination of digital technologies (information, computing, communications, etc.)" (Gregory Vial, 2019). DX at the corporate (or organizational) level is "a management strategy that fundamentally changes the system, such as a company's strategy, organization, process, and business model, on a digital basis," and is mainly defined as the use of digital technologies to improve business performance, such as efficiency and productivity. The definition at the corporate level is the most commonly used DX concept, and DX at the social or macro level can be defined as "the process of globalization of individuals, businesses, societies, and countries resulting from digitalization." In 2020, IDC (International Data Corporation) defined the stages of the introduction and application of corporate digital transformation as Stage 1 (Ad Hoc), Stage 2 (Opportunistic), Stage 3 (Repeatable), Stage 4 (Managed), and Stage 5 (Optimized). It announced that more than 60% of construction companies both domestically and overseas are in the early stages of DX, Stage 1 (Ad Hoc Stage) or Stage 2 (Opportunity Stage) (IDC InfoBrief 2020). As for the definition of DX in the construction sector, 68% of South Korean construction companies prioritize DX and interpret it from the enterprise's point of view, so it can be defined as “implementing the operation and growth of new businesses while driving organizational, operational, and business model innovations by using third platforms or emerging technologies” (IDC Info Brief 2020). Currently, digital activities performed by construction companies can be divided into two categories according to their purpose, which are as follows: ① Activities focusing on internal system integration, which refers to "a series of activities to improve work efficiency" (e.g. Big Data-based BIM, DfMA, Robotics, etc.). ②"Fundamental change in the form of construction work" through the integration of the outside of the company, that is, the eco-system (finance, manufacturing and transportation, etc.). However, this is similar to the existing digitalization activities, and the reality is that the definition of DX in the construction industry is still ambiguous. ©Built Robotics, Branch Technology, Q-Bot Ltd., XYZ corp. Examples of DX Application in the Construction Industry Recently, many ConTech companies using BIM, IoT, AR/VR, cloud blockchain, autonomous driving, platform, module, modular, artificial intelligence, cloud, etc. are emerging in the global construction market, and each company is striving to improve their efficiency in construction from various perspectives, including improvement in productivity and added value, risk reduction, and eco-friendly effects. In addition, global ConTech companies that have applied DX to the construction industry are emerging in various countries, including the United Kingdom, France, and Germany, with the United States in the lead. In South Korea, the roadmaps for smart construction technology and construction business production structure innovation were announced to invigorate the application of DX in the government-led construction industry. In addition, the application of DX in the South Korean construction industry is being stimulated through the smart construction technology development project, which has been promoted by the Korea Agency for Infrastructure Technology Advancement (KAIA) since 2020. In addition, South Korean ConTech companies have introduced related technologies applying BIM, Digital Twin, Internet of Things, Modular, etc. at the 2022 Smart Construction EXPO. ©Basis Soft Inc., Hyundai E&C, Angelswing, POSCO A&C Advantages and Expected Effects of Introducing DX into the Construction Industry The introduction of DX into the construction industry can greatly contribute not only to productivity improvements, but also to the acceleration of the conversion to high-value-added businesses, risk reduction, and eco-friendliness in line with ESG trends. With the introduction of digital technology, it is expected that construction productivity will be increased by 25%, added value will grow by 1.42 p, industrial accidents and risks will be reduced, and eco-friendly responses will be possible (waste will be cut down by 3-60% and carbon emissions decreased by 50%) (Samjong KPMG Economic Research Institute, 2021). According to McKinsey Global Institute, DX will enable productivity gains of 14-15% and cost savings of 4-6%. The institute estimated that an increase of KRW 1.6 trillion in added value will be possible if the construction productivity growth (annual average of 1% over the past 20 years) reaches the level of global economic productivity growth (annual average of 2.8% over the past 20 years). However, for DX to be successfully promoted and accomplished in the construction field, it is necessary to clearly define the problems based on the lessons learned from the successes and failures of other industries rather than simply adding digital technology to the construction industry, to make innovative improvements through the application of digital technology, and to reach the level that can change the business competition system. Construction Policy Research Instiute Date2022-12-27 Hit 842
• Trends in Fire Safety Technology Using Fourth Industrial Revolution Technologies Trends in Fire Safety Technology Using Fourth Industrial Revolution Technologies ▲ Senior Researcher Ryu Eun-mi, Department of Fire Safety Research, KICT Prologue Fire safety technology has seen less in the way of advancements than other technologies because of the widespread lack of sensitivity to safety in our society, a low investment in technology development by small manufacturers, and difficulties in developing overseas markets due to differing fire safety standards in each country. Therefore, the convergence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution technology and fire safety technology not only facilitates the maintenance and management of firefighting equipment but can also effectively reduce the damage to life and properties caused by fire by extinguishing a fire more quickly. In addition, it will help to accurately grasp the situation at the site and promptly mobilize resources to the fire scene, thereby increasing the efficiency of firefighting activities and securing the safety of firefighters. Smart fire safety technology can expand the scale of the firefighting market by becoming the basis for advancing into overseas markets. In this article, I would like to briefly introduce the existing fire safety system and the current status of firefighting equipment technology using Fourth Industrial Revolution technology. Existing Fire Safety Systems Existing fire safety systems notify the people inside the building, the administrators, and the fire departments of the occurrence of a fire through an automated fire detection system. Following this, the administrators guide people inside the building to safely evacuate, and the firefighters extinguish the fire. Components of an automatic fire detection system include a receiver, a transmitter, a detector, and an alarm. Receivers are classified into P-type, R-type, and M-type according to the detector and size. The P-type receiver is the most basic type of receivers and is applied to many buildings. Since it uses a common signal method by individual signal lines as a boundary area for signal transmission, the exact location of the fire cannot be accurately identified. On the other hand, the R-type receiver uses a multi-type communication line method and is mainly applied to large-scale complexes or high-rise buildings. Existing fire safety systems have different degrees of fire detection, confirmation, and response depending on which detectors, repeaters, receivers, and transmitters are installed. Recently, when an R-type receiver and an analog detector are used, the location of a fire can be identified in some cases. However, since it is impossible to check information on the growth and spread of a fire after it has occurred, the reality is that there is a lack of fire information that would support the efficient evacuation of people inside. Trends in Patents for Firefighting System Technologies Using IoT and ICT Technologies Looking at the trend of patents for firefighting systems using Fourth Industrial Revolution technology, as shown in Figure 2, from 1999 to 2014, the early period of analysis, a slow increase was observed, but from 2015 to the present, it increased rapidly. South Korea holds an approximately 57% share of the related patents, giving it the largest number of patented technologies. Since Korea is leading the overall trend, the overall trend is also showing a rapid increase according to the fast growth in Korean applications filed for patents. However, since the number of patent applications filed by most applicants of Korean nationality is a mere 1 or 2 cases, it is hard to describe this as a situation in which continuous R&D is being conducted in South Korea compared to other countries for firefighting system technology using Fourth Industrial Revolution technology. Fire Safety System Using Fourth Industrial Revolution Technologies Conventional receivers make it possible to determine the time and location of a fire, but not to identify the number of people in a building and their locations as well as judge their evacuation routes. Recently, however, IoT-based firefighting system technologies that can collect data in real-time with sensors attached and fire safety response technologies to improve safety and reliability by predicting fires using artificial intelligence (AI)-based technologies have been actively researched. In addition, as shown in Figure 3, studies have recently been conducted that seek to predict the growth and spread of fire by installing a gateway in existing fire safety systems to collect fire data and analyze it. These fire safety technologies can provide optimized evacuation routes for people in the building on fire, enable administrators to monitor a fire in real time, and allow firefighters to effectively suppress fires, minimizing the loss of life and damage to property as a result. Future Direction When a fire occurs, there is an urgent need for a fire safety system that can identify the exact fire situation within the building, evacuate people within the golden hour, and minimize property damage. Given such conditions, it is expected that fire safety systems using Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies will rapidly grow in the future. However, a fire safety system using Fourth Industrial Revolution technology has limitations in that commercialization is difficult because it must be approved through a verification system, and there are various legal and institutional obstacles, such as the Act on the Protection and Use of Location Information and the Personal Information Protection Act. Therefore, it is necessary to grant a regulatory grace period to the relevant industries so that related technologies can be actively researched while minimizing any problems that could follow the introduction of these technologies. Fire Investigation, Research, testing and Education Date2022-12-27 Hit 547
• Development of Practical Technology for Maintenance-oriented Concrete Overlay With a Life Expectancy of 20 Years Development of Practical Technology for Maintenance-oriented Concrete Overlay With a Life Expectancy of 20 Years ▲ Research Fellow Nam Jeong-hee, Department of Highway & Transportation Research, KICT Prologue According to Yearbook of Road Statistics (2020) published by Korea’s Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MOLIT), the length of cement concrete pavement has steadily increased since 2000, accounting for approximately 65.63% (12,956 km) of the total length of highways (primary roads). However, it is worth noting that a significant portion of this pavement, as much as 19.51% (2,528 km), is targeted in mid- to long-term remodeling plans due to aging. The increased aging of cement concrete pavement inevitably leads to an increase in maintenance budget requirements. Considering that the budget for highway maintenance, which was KRW 34.9 billion in 2001, had increased to KRW 154.7 billion by 2020, a staggering 4.43-fold rise, it is clear that there is now an urgent need to establish effective maintenance measures. Over the past four years, we have conducted research on the development of an overlay method for cement concrete paving, which can overcome the limitations of partial cross-sectional repair and ensure longevity and high durability by using materials in the same series as the existing deteriorated cement concrete paving. One of our major achievements in this area is the successful practical application of an overlay method that maximizes durability through reinforcement of continuously reinforced concrete pavements, enabling an expected service life improvement of over 20 years through maintenance. Currently, we are in the process of negotiating a technology transfer. Development of Technology for Practical Application of Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement (CRCP) Overlay Maintenance Method Known for its excellent durability and cost-effectiveness, the Bonded Concrete Overlay (BCO) method is a pavement maintenance technique in which concrete is overlaid after cutting the deteriorated existing concrete layer. Compared to asphalt overlay methods, it has a relatively long service life and superior load-bearing capacity for increased traffic volumes and heavy vehicles, resulting in a significant reduction in maintenance frequency and costs. Additionally, it is evaluated as an economical maintenance alternative since it has material properties that are similar to the existing concrete pavement, resulting in less pavement damage after maintenance. The existing concrete overlay method for Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement (JPCP) involves placing concrete on top of the deteriorated JPCP and installing joints in the same position as those of the existing pavement. However, the joint area is the weakest part of the concrete pavement, and from the perspective of repair and reinforcement, installing joints in the same position as those of the existing pavement may ultimately have limitations when it comes to improving usability for public use. Accordingly, we have developed an innovative method for overlaying joint concrete pavements with longer service life compared to conventional methods, called the Ultra-Thin Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement maintenance method (hereinafter referred to as “UT-CRCP”), which employs reinforcing materials such as steel bars to restrict joint movement and eliminate them. UT-CRCP involves cutting the deteriorated surface of existing pavement and overlaying it with a thin layer of concrete. This method induces the two pavement layers (overlay and existing pavement layers) to behave as a single unit by completely bonding them together using continuously reinforced steel bars. The key concept of this method is the removal of deteriorated areas and improvement of the surface of the pavement while enhancing its structural capacity with reinforcement materials. An important prerequisite for achieving this is that the existing pavement must maintain sufficient support for loads, and the overlay layer must be completely attached to the existing pavement. Considering that the reality in Korea is that concrete pavement is frequently damaged at joint areas, it is important to disperse stress concentration on existing joint areas through the effective placement of continuous reinforcement bars during overlay, and to enhance long-term durability through limited joint width movement. The core idea of the construction aspect for practical application is the development of the one-lane paving method for reinforcement installation, which enables maintenance using only one lane to minimize one-lane paving closures and the associated traffic congestion that inevitably occurs when maintaining and repairing deteriorated concrete roads used by the public. One of our major research accomplishments in this area is the large-scale test construction carried out over four occasions for the practical application of the UT-CRCP. The 1st and 2nd test constructions were conducted at the SOC Demonstration Research Center of the Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology (KICT) in Yeoncheon, Gyeonggi-do, where a 60m-scale UT-CRCP was constructed. Through this test construction, the constructability of the equipment developed for the one-lane paving closure method was evaluated, and the field applicability of normal reinforced concrete using type 1 cement was also verified. In addition, the service life of the UT-CRCP under environmental and axle loads was assessed using buried-type sensors. Analyzing the movement behavior of the existing JPCP and UT-CRCP before and after construction under changing environmental loads, it was found that the crack width behavior of the UT-CRCP was reduced by approximately 88% compared to the existing JPCP joint behavior, which clearly can be attributed to the continuous reinforcement effect. This phenomenon shows the possibility that the joint behavior of the existing JPCP can be transformed into the crack behavior of the CRCP through maintenance. Based on the results of the two previous test constructions, the 3rd test construction made an extension of approximately 102 m at the Ribisagori section of National Route 37 in Paju through cooperation with the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MOLIT) and the Uijeongbu National Highway Management Office, and the 4th test construction was completed in May 2022 on a national highway in Hongcheon. These test constructions have demonstrated excellent performance to date. Provision of High-Quality Road Services Focused on User Needs through Maintenance In this paper, we introduced the characteristics and advantages of a new type of maintenance method that can be applied to aging cement concrete pavement. In other words, this method not only can extend the structural lifespan of deteriorated roads through cement concrete pavement overlay maintenance, but also can provide additional services such as improving driving comfort for users and reducing road noise due to continuous construction. Ultimately, we hope that the outcome of this study will present a new vision for the future of concrete pavement through practical application. Department of Highway & Transportation Research Date2022-12-27 Hit 509

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