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• Spatial Information That Connects Architecture and Cities Spatial Information That Connects Architecture and Cities ▲ Senior Researcher Kim Du-sik, Department of Building Research, KICT The Current State of Automation in Manufacturing As children, some of us may have played with a “science kit,” a toy that enabled even elementary school students to make their own radio by following assembly instructions to connect chips or resistors on a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) with printed electronic circuits and soldering them. Anyone who assembled a radio like this during their school days will understand well how electronic products are made. Electronics are constructed based on pre-designed assembly instructions (drawings), followed by placing components on the PCB (moving materials to target locations) and soldering (construction process). Today, most of the processes in the electronics manufacturing industry that were previously done manually have been automated. The traditional method of drilling holes in PCBs to connect parts (Insert Mount Technology: IMT) has been replaced by Surface Mount Technology (SMT), which allows parts to function simply by placing them in the desired positions on the board. This innovation reduced defect rates and made automation and mass-production possible, improving productivity and reducing labor costs through the following processes: ①Smart Earthworks: Cream-type solder is printed onto the soldering points of the PCB to automate soldering. ②Smart Logistics: Chips are automatically placed on the designed positions of the PCB transported via a conveyor belt. ③Smart Construction: Once all chips have been placed, the PCB is passed through an oven to automatically solder the entire board. ④Smart Maintenance: An AI-based system inspects for defects by capturing magnified images of each chip’s placement. This transition to automated processes in the electronics manufacturing industry was widely adopted in the 1980s, and the technology has continued to become more developed, enhancing production quality. Automation was quickly integrated into electronics manufacturing because it was easier to apply machines (robots) working (constructing) according to designs in a standardized environment like a conveyor belt compared to the more complex construction industry. Furthermore, the introduction of automation equipment led to significant labor cost reductions and gains in productivity, contributing to increased sales. Construction Digital Transformation and Spatial Information A digital transformation is also actively being pursued in the construction industry, similar to that in the manufacturing industry. However, unlike manufacturing, construction sites are not standardized environments like conveyor belts—they are complex, dynamic spaces, making it technically challenging to replicate the real world in a digital environment. Additionally, due to the process characteristics implemented through 2D drawings, it was difficult to consider environmental factors in connection. The widespread use of commercial drones in the 2010s and the innovation in mapping technology became an opportunity to model larger areas more quickly than in the past, paving the way for technologies like smart earthworks to be applied to construction sites. Moreover, the integration of spatial information and Building Information Modeling (BIM) provides intuitive experiences and simulation functions that allow architects and engineers to easily consider the surrounding environment. As a result, the use of these technologies is increasing steadily. As laser scanning technology advances, research is also being conducted on automatic BIM model construction through object classification. It is expected that opportunities to create added value using the related data will increase in the future, with the development of spatial information construction technology for both outdoor and indoor spaces. Beyond topographic data, spatial information is expanding into various fields such as infrastructure, population, environment, and crime prevention, and efforts are underway to develop models for its broader utilization, so attention is needed to develop utilization models based on this. Trimble, a company that began with GPS surveying and spatial information databases, has pursued its own construction digital transformation through acquisitions of companies with the technology necessary for construction, including 3D design, automation construction, construction management, and maintenance. Although it's hard to generalize from the single example of Trimble, spatial information has high potential to become a core technology that can lead the future construction field due to the following characteristics: Spatial information can integrate and visualize information in various layers to provide users with intuitive experiences. Securing the accuracy of spatial information and rapid updates are believed to have already reached a level that can be applied to automation technology in the construction field. Analysis and simulation technologies using spatial information can be used as a means to pursue the efficient utilization of given resources in urban operations or transportation logistics. As for the convergence of big data and AI technologies, which has recently received much attention, technology in the spatial information field has already been developed for several years. Notable points in recent spatial information trends are that attempts are being made to expand from existing 2D data-oriented utilization to 3D analysis and visualization and 4D analysis applying time-series data, developing to integrate BIM and CAD data, and changing to a system that enables collaboration through API linkage with the introduction of web GIS and cloud. Importance and Role of Spatial Information in Urban Architecture Due to the extensibility of spatial information, spatial information technology is being used at the Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology (KICT) in a range of technical fields. Finally, I would like to suggest potential application areas in which spatial information is expected to contribute to the KICT’s urban architecture research field. In the urban architecture field, the KICT is pursuing research on four major tasks: modular architecture, building safety, improvement of residential and living environments, and sustainable cities. Whether it’s architecture or civil engineering, preventing construction schedule delays is an important factor that can minimize risks in construction while reducing costs. For modular construction and Off-Site Construction (OSC) methods to be actively implemented, the production and supply of precast members must be smooth. Especially in the transportation of heavy and bulky members, securing production and logistics bases close to construction sites and establishing logistics systems will be aspects to consider for improving productivity in the architectural field in the future. Due to the aging of society and decreased birth rates, it is expected to be difficult to deploy many construction professionals to construction sites in the future, and the proportion of foreign workers is likely to further increase. It is necessary to introduce digital transformation technologies that can enable remote work or automation of tasks performed by professionals, and to secure a system that can easily and clearly support collaboration with foreign workers. In introducing technology, a strategy is needed to lower the entry barrier for innovative technologies by utilizing widely distributed devices, such as smartphones, to secure mobility. Considering the global issue of carbon neutrality, spatial information can also contribute to reducing embodied carbon in buildings. Spatial information can be used to model embodied carbon generated throughout the process of materials production, transportation, construction, and disposal, or to manage at the building unit level, and to evaluate the application of green building technology at the district level to pursue sustainable cities. As the redevelopment of the first-generation new towns begins in earnest and reconstruction projects become active, construction waste is expected to increase rapidly, which could be an opportunity for the introduction of new construction waste recycling policies, such as activating the use of recycled aggregates. If an online market for recycled aggregates is provided as a web-based GIS service to promote the recycling of construction waste, consumers will be able to stably secure recycled materials near construction sites, and waste processors will be able to form a market by activating distribution. Through this, it is expected that applying resource circulation to architecture will be further promoted. It is hoped that spatial information will contribute to future research in the field of urban architecture at the KICT. Department of Building Research Date2024-09-26 Hit 322
• Establishment of Technology Roadmap Direction and Technology Classification System for the Construction of Manned Extraterrestrial Bases Establishment of Technology Roadmap Direction and Technology Classification System for the Construction of Manned Extraterrestrial Bases ▲ Senior Researcher Chung Joon-soo, Department of Building Research, KICT Prologue NASA, the United States agency that sent humans to the moon in 1969, has been actively pursuing the Artemis program in collaboration with 21 countries worldwide since 2019, aiming to send humans back to the moon after 50 years. The European Space Agency (ESA) announced plans to build a "Moon Village" near the South Pole of the Moon by 2040, where about 100 explorers can reside. China and Russia are jointly pursuing plans for a lunar research base. Even Japan announced policies, strategies, and technology roadmaps for construction of an extraterrestrial base in 2019. Not only national agencies but also private companies are developing launch vehicles and dreaming of extraterrestrial bases and cities. In October 2022, Korea announced 12 national strategic technologies that will contribute to future growth and economic security in an era of competition for technological hegemony. This includes "aerospace and maritime." In November, the 4th "Basic Plan for the Promotion of Space Development" was unveiled through a public hearing, with the goal of making Korea a global space economy powerhouse by 2045. Major milestones include a lunar landing in 2032, participation in a lunar base in 2035, Mars landing in 2045, and manned transportation by 2050. Thus far, Korea has established a mid-to-long-term support system for its space industry, and has rapidly developed its capabilities. However, it lags behind the advanced aerospace nations in terms of policy, technology, investment, and the overall industry. In response to domestic and international changes, it is necessary to establish a roadmap for the development of core technologies for constructing extraterrestrial bases in the construction sector and for future extraterrestrial base construction. Korea is at a point where it needs to start contemplating the roadmap for manned extraterrestrial base construction technology in order to proactively secure construction technology on the moon and Mars, and to ensure international competitiveness in the forthcoming space economy and society. Against this backdrop, the Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology (KICT) has initiated research this year to develop a technology roadmap for constructing manned extraterrestrial bases. This endeavor involves not only civil engineering experts but also architectural specialists, with collaborative efforts extending to domestic and international expert groups. This article seeks to introduce the initial outline of the ongoing research on the technology roadmap, while highlighting its significance. (1) Mega Trend Analysis The STEEP analysis reveals trends, key influences, and implications, confirming the pressing international and socio-economic impetus driving space development pursuits. It underscores that we are at a critical juncture to secure cutting-edge technological capabilities amid this intensely competitive landscape (See Figure 1). (2) Analysis of Global Projects and Domestic and International Industrial Ecosystems In the context of the New Space environment and the new Cold War, obtaining advanced technology is a key factor in enhancing national competitiveness given the competition among nations to secure technological capabilities. Advanced nations are making significant investments in acquiring space technology, while ongoing efforts to nurture the space industry and pursue exploration plans continue in the name of maintaining industrial sustainability. Furthermore, it is anticipated that the expansion of private sector collaboration and participation in resource-intensive space exploration will shape a new industrial ecosystem. Emerging sectors, such as deep space communications, navigation technology, landing vehicles, and robotics are also gaining prominence within the space industry. (3) Analysis of Environmental Issues We have examined environmental issues that need to be considered for construction and human habitation in the space environment in order to derive the technologies required to create the "minimal" environmental requirements for human habitation in space (see Figure 2). Based on the expertise and materials provided by professionals in the fields of astronomy and space science, we have analyzed the issues and are uncovering the technologies needed to address each issue. We are also considering the technological development trends and the determination of the timing of development, taking into account some necessary technologies that are not yet in an implemented state. Establishment of Direction of Roadmap for Manned Extraterrestrial Base Construction Technology The goal is to pursue mission-oriented R&D to establish a comprehensive foundation for the construction of a manned extraterrestrial base. A technology demand survey will be conducted based on the technology classification system to discover promising technologies. Within the networking of global technology leading groups, necessary technologies will be verified, and priorities for international cooperation will be derived. Establishment of Technology Classification System for Manned Extraterrestrial Base Construction Construction elements were identified to establish a technology classification system based on space exploration roadmaps and technology roadmaps from other countries. In addition, essential technology groups were prioritized by benchmarking against NASA Technology Taxonomy 2020, the International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG) exploration roadmap, the European Space Agency (ESA) Terrae Novae 2030+, and Japan's Ministry of Education, Science and Culture's Space Vision 2050. It is also linked with Korea's Space Technology Roadmap 3.0. Furthermore, plans are in place to further refine the technology classification system by identifying additional technologies deemed necessary in the future. ――――――――――――――――― References • Chung Joon-soo, Kim Han-saem, Cho Hyun-mi, Kim Hong-seop, Choi Kyung-chul, Chae Ji-yong, Choi Young-han (2023). A Study on Direction Setting for Establishing a Technology Roadmap for Manned Extraterrestrial Base Construction. Proceedings of the 2023 Fall Conference of The Korean Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences, November 16, p. 92. •Chung Joon-soo et al. (2023). Collaboration Development of Core Technologies for Manned Extraterrestrial Base Construction (1st Year). Evaluation Material for Inception Stage Presentation, November 2023. Department of Building Research Date2024-03-22 Hit 540
• Establishment of Digital Structural and Fire Safety Information for Aging Buildings Establishment of Digital Structural and Fire Safety Information for Aging Buildings ▲ Senior Researcher Kim Tae-hyung, Department of Building Research, KICT Prologue The aging of buildings is a rapidly growing concern in Korea. Currently, buildings that have been in use for more than 30 years account for more than one-third of the total number of buildings in the country. In May 2020, the Korean government attempted to address this issue by enacting the "Building Management Act" to prevent safety accidents and enhance the efficient management of buildings. However, inspections and surveys are currently conducted primarily by human workers at individual buildings. In addition, while Korea has continuously reinforced its structural and fire safety standards for new buildings, which are now at the level of those in advanced countries, the local governments lack the institutional and technological foundation for effective policy implementation when it comes to the maintenance of existing buildings. To address these issues, it is necessary to shift from the current labor-intensive building survey and inspection system that is focused on on-site work and requires significant manpower, funding, and time, to a remote and unmanned system. Furthermore, it is necessary to transition to a managerial system that is proactive, predictive, and preventive through systematic safety management and identification of vulnerable buildings. However, most existing smaller to medium-sized buildings, which are located in safety blind spots, lack basic information related to their safety, including minimal data or drawings, and the inspection costs are high, making self-inspection practically challenging. Additionally, automated information acquisition and inspection technologies have primarily been advanced in high-value industries such as aviation and machinery. In the construction sector, they are primarily being developed for SOC facilities. At the same time, there is a significant lack of low-cost technologies that can be applied to small to medium-sized private buildings. Therefore, to address these challenges, it is essential to develop the following solutions: ① 1.Building safety information digitalization technology, which enables the swift selection, recognition, extraction, and digital transformation of building safety information from the extensive unstructured data of existing drawings, ② 2.Technologies for remote and automated information gathering using drones and imaging devices, as well as for building site investigations and inspections, ③ 3.Technologies for establishing digital safety information at a metropolitan level linked with local governments, as well as integrated management services. The proposed elements of digital safety management technology for aging buildings are outlined in Figure 1. This article introduces research on the "Metropolitan Scale Digital Safety Watch Technology Development for Aging Buildings (Apr. 2022‐Dec. 2025)" conducted as part of a national R&D project by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MOLIT). Directions for the Development of Digital Safety Management Systems The research aims to achieve a 50% reduction in the time spent on site investigations and inspections in each building by leveraging digital technology rather than labor-based safety management. The focus is on buildings excluded from the current Building Management Act, specifically targeting multi-use aging buildings that are 30 years old or more, with elevated risks of safety accidents and an urgent need for attention. 1) Safety Information Digitalization Technology Safety information digitization technology is a technology that utilizes unmanned aerial vehicles, image scanning, and other techniques to promptly investigate safety information1 on existing older buildings, and establishes a digital information model that can be used for structural and fire risk assessment. Detailed element technologies include building a standard data model for building safety information, extracting safety information from 2D drawings, developing a BIM (Building Information Modeling) digitization module, and selecting safety information for buildings without drawings. 2) Swift Site investigation and Inspection Technology Swift Site investigation and inspection technology is a technology that remotely inspects the structure and fire-related safety by acquiring images and detecting defects in aging buildings through the use of unmanned vehicles. Detailed element technologies include automatic generation and safety inspection technology of building exterior shape information, automatic generation and safety inspection technology of indoor and outdoor space information of buildings, and remote/automated safety inspection technology. 3) Metropolitan-level Digital Safety Management Technology Metropolitan-level Digital Safety Management Technology is a technology that establishes a digital safety management system for metropolitan-level buildings based on BIM-GIS and provides services related to a building safety management system, such as digital safety information and inspection results.Detailed element technologies include establishing an integrated digital safety information management service, demonstrating digital safety management technology for metropolitan-level buildings, and proposing systems and policies to expand the use of safety management in aging buildings. Expected Outcome and Conclusion In the future, through technological development, it is anticipated that it will be possible to secure a standardized data model that can be utilized in the existing building safety management tasks based on international standards (IFC, Industry Foundation Classes). Additionally, extraction of safety information from AI-based design documents is expected. Moreover, groundwork is expected to be laid for establishing site information for aging buildings without drawings and securing unmanned safety inspection technology for both indoor and outdoor environments. In the future, through technological development, it is anticipated that it will be possible to secure a standardized data model that can be utilized in the existing building safety management tasks based on international standards (IFC, Industry Foundation Classes). Additionally, extraction of safety information from AI-based design documents is expected. Moreover, groundwork is expected to be laid for establishing site information for aging buildings without drawings and securing unmanned safety inspection technology for both indoor and outdoor environments. Ultimately, the establishment of a metropolitan-level safety management system is expected to contribute to detecting safety-related risks of aging and vulnerable buildings, preventing accidents, and alleviating not only safety incidents but also public concerns about safety. ――――――――――――――――― 1. Spatial Information (Shape, Dimensions, etc.), Architectural Information ――――――――――――――――― Reference • "Building Management Act," 2020, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport Department of Building Research Date2023-12-22 Hit 498
• Development of AI-based Smart Housing Platform and Intelligent Convergence Housing Service Technology Development of AI-based Smart Housing Platform and Intelligent Convergence Housing Service Technology ▲ Senior Researcher Ahn Ki-uhn, Department of Building Research, KICT Prologue The demand to improve the quality of life and housing welfare of residents is growing, reflecting changes in the sociodemographic structure. Accordingly, a new type of housing infrastructure is also being established in the construction field to incorporate “smart” technologies into the residential space itself thanks to the spread of Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies such as AI, IoT, and Cloud. Existing smart home services are dependent on manufacturers and construction companies, from which all households and complexes are provided with a common platform and services; residents lack the freedom to select services, and there are restrictions on the introduction of new services. To overcome this problem, a smart housing environment is being built to support the independence of residents in selecting and using services through a platform with openness and scalability, where anyone can develop and register various services. The goal of this article is to introduce the concept and development direction of smart housing platforms and services that support the new housing infrastructure. The Concept of Smart Housing Smart housing is housing that provides an optimized spatial environment and services by linking and converging a physical smart house comprised of the space, environment, home appliances, devices, etc. which make up a house and related technologies, such as big data information technology, IoT smart home technology, and intelligent AI technology (Figure 1). These houses are realized as a new housing infrastructure, where the residential space itself acts a means of collecting information and providing services. Smart Housing Platform Existing smart home services require new physical components, such as devices and networks, to be newly built to use the services provided by providers. On the other hand, in smart housing, it is possible to provide and expand services without physical resource constraints by securing data and utilizing platform functions through the existing infrastructure, such as residential spaces, complexes, and smart cities. In this section, the smart housing platform service functions operating in the Cloud environment are explained by dividing them into IaaS (infrastructure as a service), PaaS (platform as a service), and SaaS (Software as a service) (Figure 2). IaaS, a physical resource to implement smart housing, consists of sensors for collecting data, gateways for sending and receiving data between sensors and platforms, and servers for data storage, AI analysis, and service operation management. In particular, various sensors and IoT devices are embedded in the infill, allowing them to sense the physical elements of the living space. Gateways can be equipped with multi-protocol conversion handling capabilities to accommodate the networking diversity of data sources. At this time, a standard protocol defining the data format and communications standard are prepared to support wide-area service provision and data utilization. The main functions of smart housing PaaS include security, integrated management of storage, multiple access/distributed processing, and the use of an AI analysis engine. First, security features authorization that grants user authentication and authority, encrypted communications between the housing environment and platform, and encryption and decryption of blockchain-based stored data. Data is managed according to the standard format classification system based on the smart housing standard protocol and supports the utilization of real-time and stored data. In addition, it has analysis/service spaces and functions to distribute and handle multi-processes, for load management according to multi-user access and service execution. PaaS integrates and manages AI models that can be used for residential services by data type, such as time series, voice, and video, in an AI bank, and provides an AI analysis engine API function that can be used for service model development and calculation. Finally, the smart housing SaaS operates and manages intelligent residential services such as fire, crime prevention, comfort, convenience, and maintenance on the platform, and has functions to provide them to requesters using the service. Moreover, by utilizing the AI analysis engine function of PaaS, it has a scalability of functions which allows external developers to freely discover and develop services, and register them on the platform to distribute and operate services. Smart Housing Service To implement smart housing, we are developing AI-based convergence services in the four areas of safety, comfort, convenience, and maintenance by analyzing the needs of residents (Table 1), and are preparing to operate platform-based services. In addition, based on the function of the smart housing platform, new services are being discovered and expanded in various residential spaces and fields (Figure 3). Epilogue The Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology (KICT) is conducting research on "AI-based smart housing platform and service technology development" to provide an environment that enables the dissemination, development, and operation of creative and innovative services for high-quality housing environments. Through this research, it is anticipated that the foundation for future-oriented responsive housing welfare will be strengthened, and related industries such as housing services and smart devices will be revitalized by establishing a platform ecosystem in the area of smart housing. Department of Building Research Date2022-12-27 Hit 736
• Modular Multifamily Housing in Korea and its Future Role Modular Multifamily Housing in Korea and its Future Role ▲ Research Specialist Boo Yoon-sub, KICT Department of Building Research Prologue One of the eco-friendly construction methods, in modular construction, modules produced at a factory are used to complete a construction project on site. At the same time as on-site construction such as bed excavation and foundation construction are carried out, the module is made at an off-site factory dedicated to modular fabrication and brought to the site for assembly. Accordingly, the modular construction method has the substantial advantage of being able to reduce the construction period by almost half because external factors that can delay the construction schedule on-site, such as particulate matter and civil complaints, are minimized. Modular construction can be divided into two types: the floor-by-floor method, in which modules are stacked on site, and the infill method, which involves installation as if inserting into a structure equipped with column-beam-slab (Figure 1). Based on the materials constituting the modules, the modules can be classified into steel-framed modules and concrete-based modules. Steel-framed modules have advantages such as high strength, high durability, and excellent machinability, because modular beams, columns, etc. are fabricated using high-quality steel. However, unlike concrete modules, the steel-framed module requires separate details to secure fire resistance. In addition, compared to concrete modules, the production cost is relatively high, and it is necessary to solve the problem of being somewhat vulnerable to vibration. Concrete modules have the advantages of high strength, fire resistance, excellent anti-vibration, and economic feasibility, as floors, wall units, etc. are fabricated using precast concrete (PC). However, since they are heavier than steel-framed modules, there is a difficulty in lifting for high-rises, which must be overcome for high-rise modular construction with more than 20 stories (Table 1). Trends in Modular Multifamily Housing in Korea Modular multifamily housing in Korea mainly uses steel-framed modules. As a national R&D demonstration project, the Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology (KICT) promoted the public housing project of a Modular Demonstration Complex in Gayang-dong in Seoul (2017) together with the Seoul Housingㅍ& Communities Corporation (SH). It also constructed the Modular Demonstration Complex in Dujeong-dong in Cheonan (2019) jointly with the Korea Land and Housing Corporation (LH). Both were supplied as the first multifamily public housing to comply with housing performance standards. After that, public sector bodies such as local governments provided modular housing with six stories or less above the ground as rental housing. The KICT is conducting a mid to high-rise modular public housing demonstration project (hereinafter referred to as “Gyeonggi Happy Housing”) in Yeongdeok-dong, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do in collaboration with the Gyeonggi Housing & Urban Development Corporation (GH). Gyeonggi Happy Housing, which at 13 stories (106 households) is the highest-rising public housing project in Korea, plans to apply the achievements developed by the mid to high-rise modular research group, such as design engineering, off-site construction method, and on-site management. The three-hour fire resistance pointed out as a disadvantage of the steel-framed modular housing above was secured for the first time in Korea through an accreditation test by an accredited institution, and on-site construction is underway with the goal of completion at the end of 2022. The SH is carrying forward a 12-story modular public housing project in Garibong-dong, Seoul (246 households), and a 10-story modular public housing project (512 households) in downtown Seoul. The LH provided public silver housing (152 households) in Ongjin-gun, Incheon by applying the modular construction method, and pushing ahead with the modular public housing project in Sejong City, etc. The government is considering early move-in by converting part of the public housing in the third new city to a modular construction method. For concrete modules, KC Industry, a private company, jointly developed a PC box-type module with the KICT and built a modular building for promotion purposes at its headquarters in Yeoju and its branch in Jeju. It entered the housing market focusing on private housing with one to two stories. In addition, it is expected that the PC box-type modular housing will be able to be supplied as low-rise multifamily public housing of five stories or less, as it has secured structural safety and residential performance. Role of Modular Multifamily Housing For modular public housing, it is most important to resolve the problem of lack of public understanding in relation to off-site construction, and dispel misconceptions about poor residential performance compared to reinforced concrete (RC) construction. After the completion of the Gyeonggi Happy Housing promoted by the KICT as well as the modular multifamily public housing promoted by the public sector, through a thorough review of housing performance, it is necessary to inform the public that modular housing can also secure residential performance equivalent to that of RC multifamily public housing. In addition, it is necessary to pioneer a housing market that applies a modular construction method. Since 2015, the housing crisis has been exacerbated due to a decrease in the number of authorizations and permissions for housing construction, a surge in the number of households caused by the concentration of population in metropolitan areas and division of households, and a shortage of high-quality housing stock. The current housing policy focuses on large-scale housing supply that can be expected after the passage of at least five years, such as large-scale housing site development, reconstruction, and redevelopment. As such, it is difficult to satisfy the current demand for housing, such as for single or two-person households in downtown areas. If local governments and local housing corporations provide a fast and timely supply of modular public housing to small publicly owned sites, it will be possible to flexibly respond to the issue by utilizing the modular construction method to fill the gaps that are not affected by the housing policy. Department of Building Research Date2022-09-27 Hit 1128

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