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• Using Robotic Technology to Inspect Underground Spaces Using Robotic Technology to Inspect Underground Spaces ▲ Senior Research Fellow Lee Seong-won and Research Specialist Shim Seung-bo, Department of Geotechnical Engineering Research Complex and Diverse Underground Spaces The underground space of the city is a familiar place. It has huge shopping malls, serves as a passageway for transportation, and becomes a workplace as well. With the full utilization of underground spaces, the range of human activity has been expanded greatly, but is also naturally accompanied by risks. There are various risk factors such as collapse or flooding that accompany the underground space. The Department of Geotechnical Engineering Research at KICT is researching geotechnical engineering technologies that are essential to civil engineering construction, such as for tunnels and underground spaces, structural foundations, slopes, soft ground, and earthquakes. “Based on our current progress in research and development, the Department of Geotechnical Engineering Research is working with a focus on four major research subjects. To be specific, when constructing earthworks and foundation structures, they are classified under “development of technologies for automation of quality control,” “development of technologies for advanced management of three-dimensional infrastructure,” “development of technologies for securing safety of earthquake response facilities,” and “development of technologies for utilizing large underground spaces.” Members of the department are dedicated to the research based on expertise in their respective field. With our cutting-edge research achievements, we are leading the development of technologies for South Korea’s underground spaces.” With industrialization progressing in earnest, Korea's underground spaces are also becoming more and more complex. As the highways were built, tunnels through mountains were also constructed in various places, and recently the world's fifth longest undersea tunnel was opened in Boryeong. Research Specialist Sim Seung-bo explains that the underground space in Korea can be largely classified into railway tunnels, road tunnels, undersea tunnels, and utility-pipe conduit tunnels based on characteristics such as shape, size, and use. “The longest high-speed rail tunnel in South Korea is the Yulhyeon Tunnel, which is 50.25 km long and connects Suseo Station in Seoul to Jije Station in Pyeongtaek. The recently completed Boryeong Undersea Tunnel is one of the undersea tunnels, stretching to a length of 6.93 km. Finally, the most important tunnel is the utility-pipe conduit tunnel. This tunnel contains systems accommodating electricity, communication, heating, water, and conduit pipes necessary for living in the city. This tunnel is called a “lifeline” because it acts like the blood vessels that distribute energy to the body. Such tunnels are classified as national security facilities and are kept inaccessible to the general public.” Utility-pipe Conduit Accidents Leading to Large-scale Disasters A fire that broke out in the communication tunnel under the KT Ahyeon branch building on November 24, 2018 was an accident that clearly demonstrated the importance of the utility-pipe conduit tunnel. As a result of the accident, approximately 79 m of the communications tunnel on the first basement floor was burned out, and the Internet, mobile phone, and the wireless communications services provided by KT in the western area north of the Hangang River in Seoul became unavailable. “Unlike other tunnels, the utility-pipe conduit tunnel takes up space even for the internal accommodation facilities, so the space for people to move is very narrow. That was why it took so much time to extinguish the fire, which soon led to a large-scale accident. Based on the total amount of damage at that time alone, KRW 8 billion in property damage and KRW 30 billion in compensations were incurred. On the day of the accident, text messages were sent out to inform people, but no one could know why their phones were not working because the KT network was cut off.” It was called a digital disaster situation, where financial transactions and payment systems were cut off as the high-speed internet was unavailable at the time, and an elderly person in his 70s who could not report to 119 for help ended up dying due to the severance of communications. As a result, the scale and impact of direct and indirect damages in our daily life and society from an accident in the utility-pipe conduit tunnel raised the awareness that it could potentially lead to a bigger and more serious disaster than previously anticipated. Accordingly, thorough inspection and management of underground spaces including utility-pipe conduits have become much more important. “In Korea, infrastructure built during the period of economic development and growth are gradually approaching the end of their life expectancy, resulting in more frequent accidents. Such accidents can inevitably increase with aging, which has prompted us to take a closer look at practical ways to protect the safety of our citizens from such risks.” Robotic Technology Enabling Autonomous Travel and Inspection Periodic inspection is the most important means to safely manage underground space facilities. In particular, management through regular precision inspection is required. The conventional inspection method is known to have been carried out in a human-centered manner. Precision inspection is an inspection method where the inspector visually checks the damage point, then measures and records the size of the specific point using a crack gauge or crack detection microscope. In this case, it is said that it is not easy to diagnose the condition objectively because it inevitably involves the subjective judgment of the inspector. In addition, there are disadvantages in that costs are continuously required to improve safety through maintenance by increasing the frequency of inspection. The research team has developed technology for an automated inspection robot that travels inside the tunnel in the place of workers to inspect damage points on concrete structures. “The development of technology for automated inspection robots is divided into three phases: The phase of developing the core technology for each constituent technology, the phase of integration between constituent technologies, and the phase of on-site testing. In Phase 1, damage detection technology using deep learning as well as damage measurement technology using stereo vision are developed. In Phase 2, an inspection scenario according to the measurement result is implemented by linking the uncrewed moving object and the robot arm. Finally, automated inspection robotic technology is completed through on-site testing so that precision inspections can be performed in a tunnel environment.” The biggest advantage of automated inspection robotic technology is that it can be used flexibly in maintaining underground spaces based on the convergence of multiple core technologies. The robot is applied with technology for an uncrewed traveling object that can autonomously travel inside the tunnel, technology for the robot arm that can avoid complex internal accommodation facilities, and technology for the artificial intelligence sensor that can detect and measure damage points. This inspection technology was developed to also enable remote control through a wireless network, enabling convenient application by administrators. "The utility-pipe conduit is an underground lifeline; it is a tunnel that jointly accommodates communications lines, utility lines, and heating and gas pipes. In the past, tunnels and pipelines were laid in a complex urban underground system according to their respective uses, such as communications, utilities, and gas pipelines. To facilitate joint accommodation, it is essential to cut the costs of operating and maintaining utility-pipe conduits. It is expected that operation and maintenance costs can be reduced through the use of automated inspection robotic technology and that various accommodation facilities can be safely and efficiently managed within the utility-pipe conduit tunnel.” Provision of Safe and Sustainable Infrastructure The research team plans to continue its research to provide safe and sustainable infrastructure to society. The team will continue to advance this research in various forms and ultimately contribute its best efforts to the perfection of uncrewed and automated technologies for the maintenance of underground facilities. “In our future society, the aging of our population will be accelerated thanks to the extension of average life expectancy, while the economically active population will decrease accordingly. Under such circumstances, the maintenance of infrastructure relying on the workforce is expected to become more difficult. In response to these issues, we plan to develop the necessary technologies for automation and uncrewed maintenance and to further develop the technologies needed to enable automated damage repair.” Department of Geotechnical Engineering Research Date2022-03-28 Hit 136
• Characterization of Construction Materials using X-ray CT Characterization of Construction Materials using X-ray CT Research Supervisor: Kim, Kwang Yeom (Research Fellow, kimky@kict.re.kr) ■ Overview The Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology possesses platform technologies related to the evaluation of materials based on multi-tube industrial X-ray CT devices and CT imaging for the X-ray CT (computed tomography) imaging assessment of construction materials. Through the use of such technologies, while quantifying the features for various construction materials, it also suggests new methodologies for acquiring and evaluating new information on materials, which was not possible in the past. Using this new evaluation method, 3D penetration images inside of materials provided by the X-ray CT device were integrated with material analysis technologies to overcome the limitations of past construction material analysis methods in order to procure new engineering technologies with high added value. By using this new material evaluation method, this technology will provide critical analysis services, and furthermore, can be used to derive international standards for the characterization of materials. The research achievements of this project were assessed to be high, and in 2016, this marked the first time in the nation that a government funded research institute won the DESTRESS project, a joint international research project of EU Horizon2020. This is a joint research project with European partners, and the purpose of this project is to develop and prove geothermal reservoir formation technologies. ▲ Multi-tube industrial X-ray CT device ■ Background and Need for Research In recent years, there has been growing international interest in the characterization of materials using X-ray CT. X-ray CT filming and analysis has the advantage of enabling quantitative evaluation, in addition to the ability to observe internal material features that could not be measured through existing methods using X-ray CT. Micro CT is a method that uses the characteristic of an X-ray, in which the energy dissipation of the X-ray changes according to the density of materials. Using this characteristic, it is possible to extract key information for evaluating the distribution of components inside materials, pore sizes, pore quantity, etc. The aim of this study was to procure platform technologies that could be utilized in key areas such as long-term behavior assessment of construction materials and performance evaluation of structures using such new evaluation methods of materials. ▲ DESTRESS International Joint Research Achievemen ■ Research Contents X-ray CT-based material evaluation technologies procured through the research are as follows. ● Development of phase separation techniques based on statistics processing ● Statistical analysis-based material anisotropy analysis ● Porosity analysis using SPF ● Particle form analysis technology ● Construction of dynamic behavior evaluation system within X-ray CT chamber ▲ Research achievements and data sharing platform ■ Research Achievements The purpose of this study is to quantify observations on materials through X-ray CT imaging evaluations of construction materials. Various image evaluation technologies were developed to this end, and this has led to a number of academic accomplishments and industrial property rights such as domestic and international patents, publications in international SCI theses, etc. ● First government funded research institute to participate in the Horizon2020 project ● Presentation at internal academic conference, by invitation with all expenses paid for ● Won joint international research project (British Swansea and Swiss NAGRA) and signed MOU ● 7 cases of supporting small and medium companies related to X-ray CT technologies ● Total of 2,620 cases of DB construction ● Start-up business creation and technology transfer (ECME) ● 13 theses in SCI and SCIE-level journals, and 5 domestic theses ● Registered 8 domestic patents and 1 international patent (Japan), 2 international patents pending (US, Japan), 13 SW registration, 11 cases of press PR ● Appeared on YTN Science show and 10 cases of press PR ● Efficient use of DB and service PR by operating homepage ▲ DB and service model packaging for each material ■ Expected Effects Through the results of this study, it was possible to visualize the interior of specimens using a means that was not possible in the past, and it is judged that it will be possible to procure material evaluation technologies and application results in a new dimension. This technology enables an analysis of quantified results by observing the interior without deforming or destroying materials, and is therefore expected to result in cost savings of billions of won every year, by reducing both working time and expenses. Furthermore, it is also expected to create profits by winning international orders, which will improve the international status of Korean companies, and also will enhance national safety by supporting status assessments of shielding materials for nuclear power generators. In particular, it is judged that the analysis technologies procured in this study will contribute significantly to carrying out international joint research derived from this study, and that in the future, this technology will be used by the international community for large projects and additional joint international research. In addition, it is judged that the informatization of X-ray CT images and the physical features of various materials and the construction of a DB will provide support not only for the public sector, but also for the private sector in relevant industries. Department of Geotechnical Engineering Research Date2017-09-07 Hit 1685
• [2014] Shield Tunnel Construction Technology Using Steel Strands Prestressing Force Project Leader : Ma Sang-joon (Research Fellow, sjma@kict.re.kr) ‘Shield tunnel construction technology using steel strand prestressing force’ makes it possible to safely and quickly complete tunnel construction by solving problems related to bolt assembly methods generally used for shield tunnel construction. KICT developed technology makes it possible for the first time in the world to increase clamping force using steel strand prestressing force when assembling segments in the process of shield tunnel construction. Unlike previous bolt assembly methods, the steel strand goes through seven segment rings interconnected as a net to increase structural stability. The technology also reduces overall construction costs for shield tunnels by reducing joint material costs and improving construction speed. Research Results In this study (compared to the previous bolt assembly method) the development of the segment assembly method uses a steel strand prestressing force resulted in a 10% improvement in clamping force, 2% reduction in entire construction costs for the shield tunnel and a 50% material cost reduction. Commercialization process was based on development technology transfers that provided results such as the registration and application of industrial property rights and revenue creation from engineering fees. • Completion of a technology transfer for steel strand assembly for shield tunnels (fixed engineering fee USD 9 thousand, ordinary engineering fee 2.5%, KCC Engineering & Construction Co., Ltd.) • 3 Korean registered research papers and 8 research papers in Korean journals • 1 Korean patent (a device and method for steel strand clamping required to assemble shield tunnel segments, No. 10-1333096) • 1 Korean patent (segment globe for shield tunnels with an island-typed shear key and longitudinal steel strands, No. 10-2014-0184314) • Manufacturing island-typed shear key segments and mold test product, design of a standard cross section for a shield tunnel made of steel strands, and a construction process design manual draft • Conducting international collaborative research for foreign commercialization (Shenzhen Metro and Huidong Design Center in China) Utilization and Impact The demand for underground space that can support effective land-use has resulted in the construction of underground tunnels for subways and roads. A construction method for shield tunnels can minimize construction-related pollution such as vibration and blasting noise and upper ground subsidence compared to previous construction methods such as the NATM tunnel construction method. Advanced European countries have used shield tunnel construction methods for more than 80% of tunnel construction. However, construction costs are high (compared to the previous tunnel construction methods) and such a method cannot be easily applied to a domestic environment with smaller budgets. This development technology is regarded as a construction technology that can improve shield tunnel construction ability and economic feasibility while effectively mitigating problems associated with previous methods of simultaneously assembling shield segments. It is possible to enhance the connectivity and safety of shield tunnels through the improvement of clamping force segments. The construction period can also be reduced by improving construction process precision and construction techniques. It is expected that the application of this development technology will further the application of a shield tunnel construction method with safety and economic feasibility advantages. ▲Clamped steel strand through 4 segments ▲Trial construction for field assembly of developed technology ▲3D modelling of the automatic supplying device for steel strands (interlocked with the shield machine) Department of Geotechnical Engineering Research Date2015-03-31 Hit 1372
• World Best Construction Technology for Concrete Towers World-Leading Concrete Tower Construction Technology Research Supervisor: Young Jin Kim (Senior Research Fellow, yjkim@kict.re.kr) ■ Overview The "tapered slip form system" is a system that enables the safe and quick construction of concrete towers up to 400m high, and is a world-leading technique pioneered and developed by the Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology. This system incorporates a high-tech wireless controlling device that can automatically and freely adjust and construct changes in the form of the tower. In addition, GPS and precision sensors are attached so that construction engineers can conveniently check the construction form with precision. The "tapered slip form system" that incorporates these advanced technologies will make it possible to construct towers such as those required for long rail bridges, skyscrapers and power plants in a short period of time, thus contributing greatly to the ability of Korean companies to procure unparalleled competitiveness in the domestic and foreign construction markets. ▲ Tapered slip form construction ▲ Digital virtual construction by BIM ■ Background and Need for Research In addition to tall buildings, long rail bridges also have high beautiful high towers, which can be symbols of a nation’s development. The West Coast Bridge, which was constructed in 2000, also has a tower standing 182m high. Incheon Bridge, which was built in 2009, stands 230.5m high, while the Yi Sun Shin Bridge that was constructed in 2013 has a 270m tower. To safely construct this type of concrete tower, a number of advanced technologies are needed. Concrete and steel beam works must be continued at very high positions, requiring the adjustment of slip forms, and thus involving highly experienced technicians. However, as this technology does not exist in Korea, huge royalties needed to be paid on the use of imported technologies. This made it impossible to construct long rail bridges on our own, and led to a dependence on foreign technicians. ■ Research Contents This tapered slip form system includes five advanced technologies such as 3D BIM design and production technologies, light-weight module GFRP mold technologies, slip form optimal time improvement technologies, slip form tapering automation technologies, and GPS-based construction precision and form management technologies. First, the BIM design and production technologies made the tapered slip form system, which is a complex mechanical structure, able to incorporate accurate designs and to reduce production time through 3D design and digital virtual simulations. Second, by applying a GFRP mold, loss in concrete quality due to the temperature drop in the winter was prevented. Third, ultrasonic waves were generated on the concrete surface inside the mold to identify the solidity level of the concrete in order to improve the slip form system at the optimal time. Fourth, in past systems, the tower cross-section had to be changed manually, but by attaching an electrically powered tapered device, it became possible to remotely control all of them simultaneously. Finally, GPS and precision sensors were attached so that the precise form of the tower could be identified remotely, even in climate conditions with a poor visual range. ▲ Form management system through GPS and advanced IT technologies ■ Research Achievements In this study, world-leading construction technologies for concrete towers were developed. These were designated as new construction technologies and new K-Water technologies, and thus have been able to earn technology fee income through industrial property rights and technology transfers. ● Completed 3 cases of technology transfers Contents of Technology Transfer Fixed Technology Fee Ordinary Technology Fee Transfer Company Slip Form System and Construction Technology for Tapered Concrete Tower Construction 20 million won 2% Cheongjin Construction Slip Form System and Construction Technology for Tapered Concrete Tower Construction 20 million won 2% Kumho Industrial Laser Vertical Machine Monitoring Technique using Photography 2 million won - Kaisen ● Registered new tapered slip form system construction technology (Sep '15) ● K-Water new technology adopted for tapered slip form system (Dec '15) ● 2016 KICT global leading technology (GLT) adopted (Aug ‘16) ● Test construction completed 4 times (KICT) ● 4 theses published in Korea, 9 published abroad ● 10 patents registered in Korea, 1 patent registered in the US ▲ Ultrasonic wave concrete intensity measurement device ▲ Automated cross-section change device ■ Expected Effects The platform technologies for tapered slip form construction methods, a key technology for reducing construction time while ensuring safety in concrete tower construction such as for long rail bridges, skyscrapers and power plants, were developed for the first time in Korea. The developed tapered slip form system was the first to be proprietarily developed in Korea, but it combines improved design technologies and IT technologies, and thus achieves a higher level of technology than comparative foreign technologies. This technology significantly reduces the works carried out at high altitudes, greatly enhancing safety, and is also expected to enable more than double the construction speed. Based on this, the loss of additional values such as technology fees being paid abroad can be prevented. Furthermore, it is expected that it will make it possible to independently carry out concrete tower construction for overseas skyscraper, bridge and power plant projects, and thus will contribute greatly to procuring competitiveness for domestic companies, enabling them to win orders. Department of Structural Engineering Research Date2017-08-07 Hit 1880
• Convergence of Advanced Material and Core Design Technology Gives Birth to SUPER Concrete "Ultra-high-strength, high-performance, high-quality SUPER Concrete to lead the global construction market" Project Leader: Kim Byung-suk (Senior Research Fellow, bskim@kict.re.kr) It is often for economical reasons that social overhead capital (SOC) facilities are usually built with concrete. The average lifespan of the concrete bridges in South Korea is relatively shorter than that in advanced countries. To obtain price competitiveness in the global construction market and to build concrete facilities while reducing the national budget for such, it is necessary to develop an innovative concrete material and structural application technology. The SUPER Concrete developed in this research offers a long service life and high compressive strength and is relatively inexpensive to use. Moreover, its technical excellence has been recognized as it is currently already being used in the U.S. and in Myanmar as well as in the domestic construction market. Ultra-high-performance concrete to emerge as a new growth engine As opposed to the gradual decline of the national budget for SOC in South Korea, the construction markets in the developing countries, including those in Southeast Asia and the Middle East, are on the rise. To overcome the slump in the domestic construction market and to increase the overseas orders, it is important for South Korea to acquire technical competitiveness, which will enable it to lead the global market. While South Korea’s foreign construction orders have grown from USD59.1 billion in 2011 to USD64.9 billion in 2012, USD65.2 billion in 2013, USD66 billion in 2014, USD46.1 billion in 2015, and USD15.2 billion as of June 2016, 80% of the orders are focused on plants, and the net profit margin is poor. South Korea’s SOC technology is 80% of that of the advanced countries’ 1), and the global market share in engineering, a high-value market, was merely 1.9% in 2011. Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) 2), often called “the golden key,” is a technology that can help the country’s construction industry overcome its current crisis. Amid the growing expectations on the quality, performance, and service life of SOC facilities, advanced countries like France, Germany, Japan, and USA recognize UHPC materials and application technologies for buildings as a future growth engine, sparing no expense to support related researches. South Korea has already acquired the global-leading technology in UHPC, and many of its related technologies are being used worldwide, but the related standards and regulations still have to be modified to meet the international standards. If advanced materials and key design, manufacturing, and construction technologies will be developed, and if the related standards that conform to the global standards will be established, the country’s UHPC technology will become a new growth engine that will lead to overseas construction orders. Development of SUPER Concrete manufacturing technology and structural design guidelines, onsite application to domestic bridge construction projects Aiming to develop the world’s best concrete structure construction technology, the research team first developed an ultra-high-performance concrete manufacturing technology, which includes UHPC, material models, and guidelines. As a result, we developed performance-tailored SUPER Concrete with a compressive strength of 80-180 MPa, which could achieve 20-50% manufacturing cost savings and could improve the service life by 100%. Currently, the prototype mixes of SUPER Concrete (SC80, SC100, SC120, SC120f, SC150f, and SC180f) have all been completed, and members are being manufactured. SC180f, among others, are already being used in construction projects. The developed technology was applied in July 2015 to the entry bridge to Legoland in Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, which is expected to be completed in 2017. This bridge will be recorded as the world’s first UHPC road cable-stayed bridge. In October 2015, the successful bidding of the aged bridge exchange project in Iowa, USA led to the construction of Hawkeye UHPC Bridge, which marked the first application of the South Korean technology to the U.S. market. Also in the same period, a UHPC-applied bridge was constructed in Myanmar in the expansion construction zone between Yangon and Mandalay. ▲ Areal view of the UHPC road cable-stayed entry bridge to Legoland, Chuncheon ▲ Hawkeye UHPC Bridge in Buchanan County, Iowa, USA Highway bridge in Myanmar The currently developed structural design guidelines for SC120f, SC150f, and SC180f can be used by private designers and construction companies. In particular, the structural design guideline for SC180f is written in English and was used in the construction of Hawkeye UHPC Bridge in Buchanan County, Iowa, USA, and or the highway bridge in Myanmar. The prototype mix of SUPER Concrete is very economical, incurring only 50-80% of the typical domestic and overseas manufacturing costs. It has been shown that compared to the use of the normal concrete, the use of SC80 to SC100 in a 200-800m cable-stayed bridge can reduce the superstructure construction costs by up to 16%, and the total construction costs by 10%. In case of a 150m freecasat wind turbine tower, the application of SC80 can reduce the construction costs for the steel-reinforced tower by up to 77%, and the application of SC100 to a landing stage can reduce the generic concrete construction costs by up to 18%, and the construction costs for the structural components by about 10%. The research currently being conducted by the research team is focused on the development and the improvement of the economic value of the structural system for 1000m cable-stayed bridges, and on the commercialization of SUPER Concrete technologies by developing onsite application technologies, among others. KICT’s technology is recognized by the USA and Myanmar based on the successful orders from such countries. With this research, KICT developed the word’s best 80-180MPA-class concrete materials and structural technologies based on which the institute plans to create exemplary cases of the successful advancement of the technology into foreign markets by combining the design, construction, maintenance, and project management technologies into one package solution. In addition, based on the outcomes of the entry bridge to Legoland in Chuncheon, KICT aims to help a domestic construction company win overseas contracts for longspan bridges and acquire the status of a global leader by creating an international-level guideline. The high durability of SUPER Concrete can increase the lifespan of key structural members by 100%, reduce the structure weight by over 30%, and reduce the construction costs by 10% and the carbon emissions by over 30%. The aforementioned research outcomes won a technical award from Korea Concrete Institute in 2015, and the research team was invited to give a key presentation to the International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering and the 1st Asian Concrete Federation, and at the 1st International Conference on UHPC Materials and Structures, demonstrating the technical advancement of KICT’s SUPER Concrete technology. Furthermore, the developed technologies are being further commercialized as these are being applied in the construction of a bridge in Han River (2nd Gyeongbu Expressway) and of a DMZ-crossing bridge (The Bridge of Peace). ▲ DMZ-crossing bridge (The Bridge of Peace) Department of Structural Engineering Research Date2017-02-15 Hit 3290
• [2015] World’s First SUPER Concrete Material and Structural Technology Project Leader: Kim Byung-suk (Senior Research Fellow, bskim@kict.re.kr) The ‘SUPER Concrete material and structural technology’ consists of performance-specific concrete (SUPER Concrete) with a compression strength of 80~180MPa and structural technology utilizing it. The material features lower cost, longer life and higher quality compared to existing technologies. This technology is related to ultra-high performance concrete technology in which KICT has global leadership. Applying the SUPER Concrete to a structure can result in reduced use of reinforcing material such as rebar and reduced weight with slimmer cross-section, granting the engineer more flexibility in designing the structures. The technology can help reduce the construction/maintenance cost by 10~20% and construct low-cost, long-life and high-quality structures with 50~100% higher durability. In addition to the ‘Entrance Cable-stayed Bridge to Legoland’ being constructed in Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, the already completed ‘Hawkeye UHPC Bridge’ in Iowa, US and the bridge on Yangon-Mandalay Highway in Myanmar will act as good references for obtaining orders of overseas bridge construction projects. Research Background and Necessity The construction industry has recently faced many difficulties as the domestic construction business is in prolonged stagnation. Although the domestic construction industry is pushing hard to secure orders of overseas construction projects, it is facing difficulty because it is relatively less competitive in high value added areas such as design, engineering and consulting. To overcome the problem, original technologies with cost competitiveness are needed. The ultra-high performance concrete is recognized as the next-generation new construction material in the advanced countries such as France, US, Japan and Germany, and many R&D programs on the material are ongoing. The concrete structure is evolving into an economic structure with innovative design utilizing ultra-high performance concrete. As KICT is currently leading the ultra-high performance concrete technology, it is essential to attain and lead the world’s best level of technology and early commercialization to pioneer the global construction market. ▲(U) HPC Material ▲Structural Design Guideline for SUPER Concrete Research Contents The objective of this study is to ‘develop the 80~180MPa class SUPER Concrete manufacturing technology and material model/guideline’, ‘verify the SUPER Concrete structural performance and develop the design guidelines’, and ‘develop a low-cost, long-life and high-quality structure utilizing SUPER Concrete’. Applicable structures include the bridge superstructure, wind tower, floating structure, and architecture structural element. KICT is currently developing materials, design criteria and structures utilizing SUPER Concrete. It has been applied in domestic sites for early commercialization of developed technology and additional applications are being planned. Moreover, KICT is seeking to enact the design criteria worldwide as a means to continue to lead related technology. ▲‘Entrance Cable-stayed Bridge to Legoland’ in Chuncheon, Gangwon-do Research Results The objective of this study is to develop the SUPER Concrete material and structural technology and to actually apply it to construction sites. The test bed bridges were constructed in the US and Myanmar, and the technology is being applied in the construction of an entry bridge to Legoland in Chuncheon, Gangwon-do. Moreover, the technology was transferred to help a domestic enterprise find a new source of revenue. ■ Development of the World’s Best Material and Structural Technology • Mixing of SUPER Concrete prototypes (SC80, SC120f, SC150f and SC180f) completed : SC180f applied in the field • Generation of structure design guideline for SC120f, SC150f and SC180f : To be used by the engineers and constructors • Secured cost effectiveness of structures utilizing SUPER Concrete : Up to 16% reduction of construction cost of superstructure of 200~600m class cable-stayed bridge and around 10% reduction of total construction cost ■ Field Application and Technology Transfer • Construction of ‘Entry bridge to Legoland’ in Chuncheon, Gangwon-do (Jul. 2015): World’s first cable-stayed bridge on ultra-high performance concrete road • Construction of ‘Hawkeye UHPC Bridge’ in Iowa, US (Oct. 2015) : First bridge constructed by a Korean enterprise in the US • Construction of a bridge on Yangon ~ Mandalay Highway in Myanmar (Oct. 2015) • Technology transfer (fixed royalties : USD 287,000, royalties : 1%) • More than 20 media events including NBC TV in the US and Yonhapnews in Korea ▲Bridge on Yangon ~ Mandalay Highway in Myanmar Utilization and Impact Constructing the bridges by applying this technology lays the foundation to enter overseas markets such as the US and Southeast Asia. The technology is expected to create a new growth engine that leads to winning orders of construction of long-span bridges and conventional bridges overseas. The ultra-high performance concrete technology that can make the cross-section slimmer and the concrete more durable is expected to be highlighted as carbon emission reduction technology as well. Moreover, development of design engineering technology related to ultrahigh performance concrete is expected to lead to sound profitability based on technical superiority in the global construction market and reduction of national budget on SOC facilities. ▲'Hawkeye Bridge’ in Iowa, US Department of Structural Engineering Research Date2016-02-17 Hit 1778
• [2015] Participation in international joint research (Horizon 2020) for field demonstration of geothermal power generation using original X-ray CT-based analysis technology Project Leader: Kim Kwang-yeom (Research Fellow, kimky@kict.re.kr) KICT was invited to be a research partner for ‘investigation of geothermal reservoir characteristics’ by the Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ in Germany, the global leading research institute in deep geothermal development. KICT became the first Korean research institute to undertake an EU research project (Horizon 2020) with about USD 28.7 million budget. Horizon 2020 is the eighth stage of the EU R&D Framework Program and is also the largest international joint research program with a budget of 80 billion EU dollor from 2014 to 2020. The main objective of the project KICT involved is to secure key technologies and to verify them for commercialization of an enhanced geothermal system (EGS), a currently worldwide hot issue. Introduction of EGS As the development of new and renewable energy has become an urgent issue due to climate change and energy resource depletion, geothermal energy is becoming more important as a source of clean energy. Unlike other new and renewable energies, the deep geothermal energy is the only clean energy source that can collect sustainable energy very little constrained by external conditions such as time, space and weather. EGS is particularly a key issue worldwide, and there are active technology developments and investments to efficiently increase the economic factors and energy collection. ▲Conceptual diagram of EGS Research Background and Necessity KICT was invited to the Horizon 2020 project as the result of its participation in ‘geothermal power generation demonstration project’ and an ongoing EGS project in Pohang. The project has attracted worldwide attention because it involves Asia’s first construction of an EGS power plant. EGS power generation is the method of producing electricity using thermal energy stored 4~5km underground. Water is used to transport underground thermal energy to the ground, and an artificial reservoir should be created to enable water circulation. The reservoir creation is the key technology of geothermal power generation. KICT has been developed CT image processing algorithms to numerically analyze characteristics of materials especially construction materials based on an X-ray CT system. KICT recently developed a statistical algorithm that can investigate characteristics of microstructures that are not visible on CT images. This technology provides KICT the chance of invitation by GFZ to join the collaborative study on EGS development technologies. Using leading know-how and industrial X-ray CT based analysis, KICT plans to investigate the behavior of artificial reservoir generation, which is a key technology for EGS development. ▲X-ray CT system in KICT to be applied for geothermal study Utilization and Impact KICT is the first Korean government-funded research institute to be invited to the Horizon 2020 project, and the invitation is a result of KICT’s strong push to grow into a world-class institute (WCI) through international cooperation. KICT has been actively cooperating with GFZ of the Helmholtz Group in German which served as the coordinator of Horizon 2020 DESTRESS project. As a result, KICT was invited to participate in the DESTRESS project and to perform hydraulic stimulation experiments and analysis using X-ray CT. Participation in the Horizon 2020 project attended by major global institutes in geothermal power generation is an opportunity for KICT to apply its unique world-class technology in EGS sites in Korea and Europe. Moreover, the formation of a key international network is expected to increase the status of KICT in Korea and to establish the grounds for continuing international cooperation in the future. ▲Analysis of hydraulic fractures using X-ray CT Department of Geotechnical Engineering Research Date2016-03-01 Hit 1282
• [2015] World’s First Microbial Biopolymer based Construction Material for Geotechnical Engineering Practices Project Leader: Chang Il-han (Senior Researcher, ilhanchang@kict.re.kr) The ‘microbial biopolymer-based geotechnical engineering construction material technology’ being developed by KICT is the world’s first attempt of theoretically investigating the characteristics and geotechnical engineering behavior of soils treated by microbial biopolymers generated by microorganisms and developing a new construction material and its utilization method to apply biopolymers in geotechnical construction areas. Currently, high strength biopolymer-soil composites with a compression strength of 25MPa or higher are developed through phased strength improvements. Xanthan gum, Gellan gum and Casein were selected as potential biopolymers to be used as construction material, and the intellectual property rights in Korea and other countries have been secured. The technology is expected to reduce CO2 emission (use of cement) in construction and lead the future ecofriendly geotechnical construction market. Research Background and Necessity Ordinary cement which is the most widely used soil binder in geotechnical constructions, emits massive carbon dioxide (0.95ton CO2 / 1ton cement) that it takes up to 8% of the whole global CO2 emission. Following the Paris Agreement signed in 2015, it is becoming more important to develop materials to replace cement for eco-friendly geotechnical construction in order to meet the mandatory reduction of greenhouse gases. The biopolymer is an eco-friendly biological byproduct generated by microorganisms or bacteria and consumes large amounts of carbon dioxide during production while offering outstanding tensile strength. The study of using biopolymers for geotechnical construction was initiated as a means to drastically improve soil strength with a small amount of resources. ▲Conceptual diagram of microbial biopolymer-based soil strength improvement ▲Micro-scale interaction of biopolymer/soil bonding Research Contents This study investigated the inter-particle bonding mechanism between biopolymers and soils through theoretical and experimental studies on various biopolymers and soil types to develop a new microbial biopolymer-based geotechnical construction material and its site implementation methods. As a result, the optimal biopolymer/soil mixing condition is discovered, while a biopolymer/soil mixture that does not dissolve in the water is developed. Based on the results, an industry-academia-institute collaboration is in progress to develop commercialization technologies such as ecofriendly soil architecture, cement-free soil packaging, eco-friendly slope protection/reinforcement, soil erosion restraining, and ground injection/ mixing. In addition, key technology to prevent desertification using biopolymer is currently under development with support from the National Research Foundation of Korea to present alternative technology to cope with climate change. ▲Applicable areas of biopolymer geotechnical construction material Research Results This study is the world’s first attempt to utilize microbial biopolymers for geotechnical engineering practices. In addition to the academic study of investigating the biopolymer/soil bonding mechanism, the development of commercialized technology that can be applied in geotechnical construction is ongoing. As such, research results have been published in many international journals and intellectual property rights in Korea and other countries were obtained to lead key original technologies. In addition to commercialization, KICT expects royalty income from technology transfer. • Two prototypes (cement-free biopolymer-soil packaging; block/panel prototype) • 8 research papers published in international SCIE • Three domestic patents related to biopolymer construction material and its field application • Two pending international patents related to application in biopolymer geotechnical construction ▲Conceptual diagram of biopolymer/soil in-situ mixing and construction ▲View of biopolymer/soil packing test (Oct. 2015) Utilization and Impact This study is related to the development of new eco-friendly material to reduce or substitute the use of existing soil treatment materials such as cement in geotechnical construction and its application and is expected to lead the next-generation sustainable construction market. The technology can be applied not only in conventional geotechnical construction areas (reinforcement, retaining, soil packaging, etc.) but also in restraining of soil erosion and preventing the expansion of desertification to cope with climate change. As such, it is expected to be applicable in broad overseas markets. Since the biopolymer-based geotechnical construction material can be produced anywhere in the world, if the microorganism, nutrient and culture conditions are right, it can be used as an alternative material in regions (Africa and Southwest Asia) that are short of cement. Adopting the concept of ‘local binder’, the technology is expected to find demand in developing countries. ▲Prototype of biopolymer / soil architectural material (Sep. 2015) ▲Conceptual diagram of biopolymer application in combat desertification Department of Geotechnical Engineering Research Date2016-10-07 Hit 1540
• [2014 WBT] Safety-Secured NATM Tunnel Construction Technology [KICT 2014 World Best Technology] Project Leader : Kim Dong-gyou (Research fellow, dgkim2004@kict.re.kr) This technology enables the fast securing of tunnel structure stability and durable tunnel structures. The research objective was the development of high performance tunnel support at lower prices than current tunnel support that can activate opportunities in international markets and secure international technological competitiveness. The absence of safe domestic or international management technology for the construction of a standardized tunnel makes it imperative to develop a safe management system for tunnel construction engineering and provide technology leadership. The domestic standards for tunnel technology engineering and management technology are relatively weaker than general construction projects; therefore, the second objective is to develop technology that can predict tunnel construction hazards and secure a systematic construction management technology. Research Results This research develops advanced technology support for the safe construction required to blast and excavate tunnels as well as element technology to predict the degree of tunnel construction hazard; consequently, the commercialization process has been conducted through the site application of the development technology or technology transfer. Achievements such as revenue based on engineering fees from industrial patents and technology transfers are as follows. • Completion of the technology transfer for the high-performance shotcrete (fixed engineering fee USD 27 thousand, ordinary engineering fee 2%, SilkRoad TND Co., Ltd.) • Site application of high-performance shotcrete (application for 4 areas in the capital area high-speed railroad from Suseo to Pyeongtaek) • Completion of a technology transfer for a high-performance lattice girder support (fixed engineering fee USD 45 thousand, ordinary engineering fee 1%, Se-ahn Co., Ltd.) • Site application of the high-performance lattice girder support (application for Line 9 of the Seoul Subway - No. 918 area and No. 922 area) • Technology transfer and site application of the system for the management of the degree of tunnel construction hazard (fixed engineering fee USD 236 thousand, application for the Gwanak tunnel of the Gangnam Expressway) Utilization and Impact Technology development will enable advanced support to extend the lifespan of tunnels by 50% and help improve public living standards that could be affected by frequent maintenance, replacement costs and carbon dioxide emissions during the construction process. It is possible to obtain orders based on World Best Support Technology instead of obtaining orders based on simple construction technology in the global market. The new-concept safe construction management technology based on R&D will increase public recognition about the construction industry. The expected technological and social ripple effect based on new technology is as follows. • Creation of new industry demands related to new materials based on technology activation from new materials utilization • Carbon dioxide reductions from the use of recycled resources • Expansion into the global tunnel market based on securing high-performance support technology • Development and activation of new technology through the presentation of standard/specifications for advanced support • Protection of private property and lives through the minimization of tunnel construction related disasters and the development of fire response technology • Improvement of credit ratings through the minimization of public petitions related to tunnel construction • Inducement of safe construction through the prior identification of front geological harmful elements that result in tunnel construction collapses • Utilization of collected data and establishment of a database for the results analysis of perforations based on domestic geological conditions in regards to the construction of tunnels in similar geological conditions ▲Construction of high-performance shotcrete ▲Performance verification of high- performance shotcrete ▲High-performance lattice-girder ▲Field application of high-performance lattice-girder Department of Geotechnical Engineering Research Date2015-03-02 Hit 1365
• [2015] The World’s Best Technology for SUPER Concrete Material and Structural Application Project Leader: Kim, Byung Suk (Senior Research Fellow, bskim@kict.re.kr) The SUPER Concrete material and structural application is a SUPER Structure technology that uses a customized SUPER Concrete, which allows factory production and site placement with a compression strength of 80-180 MPa. It also has low-cost, long-life, and high-quality properties, as compared to the existing technologies. This technology relates to Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC), and the Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology is a global leader for using such technology. When an UHPC is applied to a structure, the degree of freedom of the structural design can be increased by reducing the total weight, as a result of minimizing the reinforced materials, such as iron bars, and slimming the cross section. Furthermore, a low-cost, long-life, and high-quality structure with 10-20% reduced construction and maintenance cost, as well as 50-100% enhanced durability and life, can be created. It is expected that the application of the technology on the bridge to Legoland in Chuncheon that is currently under construction, the Hawkeye UHPC Bridge in Iowa in the USA, and the bridge on the Yangon-Mandalay highway in Myanmar will directly contribute to obtaining orders of the bridge construction overseas. Research Contents This study aims to develop an 80-180 MPa-level customized SUPER Concrete manufacturing technology, and material model and guidelines, develop the planning and verification of the guidelines for the SUPER Concrete structure performance, and develop a low-cost, long-life, and high-quality structure by using SUPER Concrete. The applicable structures include the upper structure of bridges, wind power towers, floating structures, and architectural structure elements. The development of materials, preparation of design standards, and development of SUPER Concrete-applied structures are simultaneously being conducted, and related technologies are being applied in domestic and foreign sites for the initial practice of completed technologies. Additional applications are being initiated. Moreover, efforts for the enactment of domestic and foreign design standards are being made for the continued leading of related technologies in the world. - Development of the World’s Highest Level Materials and Structure Technologies ● SUPER Concrete Prototype (SC80, SC120f, SC150f, SC180f) mixture: SC180f, etc. are applied on site ● Preparation of SC120f, SC150f, SC180f structure design guidelines: Applicable by standard design companies and construction companies ● Security of economic efficiency of SUPER Concrete-applied structures: Up to 16% reduction of construction cost and approximately 10% reduction of the total construction cost upon application to a 200-600 m level bridge - Site Application and Technology Transfer ● Commencement of construction of the bridge leading to Legoland in Chuncheon, Gangwon-do (July 2015): The world’s first UHPC road bridge ● Construction of Hawkeye UHPC Bridge in Iowa, USA (October 2015): The first bridge constructed in the USA with Korean technology ● Construction of a bridge on the Yangon-Mandalay bridge in Myanmar (October 2015) ● Technology transfer (330 million Won as a fixed rate, 1% regular technology fee) ● 20 media protection on US’ NBC TV/Korean Yeonhap News, etc. Utilization and Impact A foothold for the advancement of technologies into the overseas markets, such as the US and Southeast Asia, was obtained by constructing bridges that are applying this technology in domestic and foreign sites. Therefore, it is predicted that a new driving force for growth that is attracting the order of constructions of standard bridges and long-span bridges in overseas countries will be created. Furthermore, it is expected that the UHPC technology for achieving high durability and slimming of the cross section will receive the limelight as a low-cost carbon releasing technology. In addition, the development of planning and engineering technology related to extra-high performance concrete will enable the reduction of national budget on SOC facilities, as well as the obtainment of sound profit, based on technological superiority in the world’s construction market. ▲ UHPC Materials ▲Cable-stayed bridge leading to Legoland in Chuncheon, Gangwon-do ▲A bridge on the Yangon-to-Mandalay highway in Myanmar ▲Hawkeye UHPC Bridge in Iowa, USA Department of Structural Engineering Research Date2016-07-13 Hit 5053

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